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Plain English
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2018
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4. A careless druggist gave the unfortunate man the wrong medicine.
5. His admiring friends gave him a beautiful ring.
6. Soldiers obey orders from their superiors.
7. This terrible war claims thousands of victims.
8. The power of hunger drives the unemployed to rebellion.
9. The workers of the world produce enough for all.
10. The retiring secretary showed us a letter from the president.
11. The old sea captain told them an interesting story of life at sea.
12. Labor produces all wealth.
COPULATIVE VERBS
411. We have another class of incomplete verbs which require a complement to complete their meaning. These are the copulative verbs. The number of copulative verbs is small. They are: all forms of the verb be; also, like, appear, look, feel, sound, smell, become, seem, etc. These verbs require a noun or an adjective or a phrase as a complement, to complete their meaning. They are really connective words serving to connect the noun or adjective or phrase used in the predicate with the noun which they modify. The noun or adjective or phrase used to complete the meaning of the copulative verb is called a predicate complement. For example:
The man is a hero.
Here we have a noun, hero, used as a predicate complement after the copulative verb, is, to describe the noun man.
The man is class-conscious.
In this sentence, we have an adjective, class-conscious, in the predicate to modify the subject, man. It is connected with the subject by the copulative verb is.
The man is in earnest.
Here we have a phrase, in earnest, used in the predicate to modify the noun man, and connected with the subject by the copulative verb is.
412. So in the predicate with the copulative verbs—incomplete verbs which express state or condition—we may use a noun or an adjective or a phrase. A noun used as the predicate complement may have modifiers. It may be modified by one or more adjectives or adjective phrases. These adjectives in turn may be modified by adverbs. The complete predicate, then, is the copulative verb with its predicate complement and all its modifiers. For example:
Grant was the most famous general of the Civil war.
In this sentence, Grant is the complete subject, was the most famous general of the Civil war is the complete predicate. Was is the copulative verb; general is the noun used as the predicate complement; the and famous are adjectives modifying general; most is an adverb modifying the adjective famous, and, of the Civil war is an adjective phrase modifying general, so our complete predicate is, was the most famous general of the Civil war.
When an adjective is used in the predicate complement it, too, may have modifiers and more than one adjective may be used. For example:
The man is very brave and loyal to his class.
Here we have two adjectives used in the predicate complement, brave and loyal. Brave is modified by the adverb very, and loyal is modified by the adverb phrase, to his class. The complete predicate is, is very brave and loyal to his class.
When we use a phrase as a predicate complement, it, too, may have modifiers and more than one phrase may be used. For example:
The man is in the fight and deeply in earnest.
In this sentence, two phrases are used in the predicate complement, in the fight and in earnest. The second phrase, in earnest is modified by the adverb deeply. The complete predicate is, is in the fight and deeply in earnest.
Exercise 5
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with a noun and its modifiers used as predicate complement. Name all of the parts of speech which you have used in the predicate complement as we have done in the sentences analyzed above:
The men are loyal members of the Union.
Slavery is.......
Liberty will be.......
War is.......
The machine is.......
The children were.......
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with one or more adjectives and their modifiers used in the predicate complement.
The work is hard and destructive to the children.
The history will be.......
Labor has been.......
Peace will be.......
Poverty is.......
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with a phrase used in the predicate complement.
His service was for his class.
Socialism is.......
The workers are.......
The message shall be.......
The government is.......
The opportunity is.......
VERB PHRASES
413. Note that in most of the sentences which we have used, we have used the simple form of the verb, the form that is used to express past and present time. In expressing other time forms we use verb phrases. Note the summary given in section 145, which gives the different time forms of the verb.
414. Sometimes in using the verb phrase you will find that other words may separate the words forming the phrase. When you analyze your sentence this will not confuse you. You will easily be able to pick out the verb phrase. For example:
5. His admiring friends gave him a beautiful ring.
6. Soldiers obey orders from their superiors.
7. This terrible war claims thousands of victims.
8. The power of hunger drives the unemployed to rebellion.
9. The workers of the world produce enough for all.
10. The retiring secretary showed us a letter from the president.
11. The old sea captain told them an interesting story of life at sea.
12. Labor produces all wealth.
COPULATIVE VERBS
411. We have another class of incomplete verbs which require a complement to complete their meaning. These are the copulative verbs. The number of copulative verbs is small. They are: all forms of the verb be; also, like, appear, look, feel, sound, smell, become, seem, etc. These verbs require a noun or an adjective or a phrase as a complement, to complete their meaning. They are really connective words serving to connect the noun or adjective or phrase used in the predicate with the noun which they modify. The noun or adjective or phrase used to complete the meaning of the copulative verb is called a predicate complement. For example:
The man is a hero.
Here we have a noun, hero, used as a predicate complement after the copulative verb, is, to describe the noun man.
The man is class-conscious.
In this sentence, we have an adjective, class-conscious, in the predicate to modify the subject, man. It is connected with the subject by the copulative verb is.
The man is in earnest.
Here we have a phrase, in earnest, used in the predicate to modify the noun man, and connected with the subject by the copulative verb is.
412. So in the predicate with the copulative verbs—incomplete verbs which express state or condition—we may use a noun or an adjective or a phrase. A noun used as the predicate complement may have modifiers. It may be modified by one or more adjectives or adjective phrases. These adjectives in turn may be modified by adverbs. The complete predicate, then, is the copulative verb with its predicate complement and all its modifiers. For example:
Grant was the most famous general of the Civil war.
In this sentence, Grant is the complete subject, was the most famous general of the Civil war is the complete predicate. Was is the copulative verb; general is the noun used as the predicate complement; the and famous are adjectives modifying general; most is an adverb modifying the adjective famous, and, of the Civil war is an adjective phrase modifying general, so our complete predicate is, was the most famous general of the Civil war.
When an adjective is used in the predicate complement it, too, may have modifiers and more than one adjective may be used. For example:
The man is very brave and loyal to his class.
Here we have two adjectives used in the predicate complement, brave and loyal. Brave is modified by the adverb very, and loyal is modified by the adverb phrase, to his class. The complete predicate is, is very brave and loyal to his class.
When we use a phrase as a predicate complement, it, too, may have modifiers and more than one phrase may be used. For example:
The man is in the fight and deeply in earnest.
In this sentence, two phrases are used in the predicate complement, in the fight and in earnest. The second phrase, in earnest is modified by the adverb deeply. The complete predicate is, is in the fight and deeply in earnest.
Exercise 5
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with a noun and its modifiers used as predicate complement. Name all of the parts of speech which you have used in the predicate complement as we have done in the sentences analyzed above:
The men are loyal members of the Union.
Slavery is.......
Liberty will be.......
War is.......
The machine is.......
The children were.......
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with one or more adjectives and their modifiers used in the predicate complement.
The work is hard and destructive to the children.
The history will be.......
Labor has been.......
Peace will be.......
Poverty is.......
Fill the blanks in the following sentences with a phrase used in the predicate complement.
His service was for his class.
Socialism is.......
The workers are.......
The message shall be.......
The government is.......
The opportunity is.......
VERB PHRASES
413. Note that in most of the sentences which we have used, we have used the simple form of the verb, the form that is used to express past and present time. In expressing other time forms we use verb phrases. Note the summary given in section 145, which gives the different time forms of the verb.
414. Sometimes in using the verb phrase you will find that other words may separate the words forming the phrase. When you analyze your sentence this will not confuse you. You will easily be able to pick out the verb phrase. For example:
Последний отзыв
Очень интересная!