SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY XXI: New Physica, Physics X.0 & Technology X.0

Again, the electromagnetic theory of light is due to the Maxwell’s ingenious conjecture: “if changing magnetic fields, then changing electric fields might create magnetic fields”. The Reversibility Theory is replacing “might” with “must”.

The mechanothermal and thermomechanical forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechanothermal and thermomechanical processes comprise all thermodynamic effects,

thermokinetic effects,

effects of thermal expansion in solids, gases and liquids,

thermomechanical effects in superflowing liquids (He II), and so on.

The thermoelectric and electrothermal forces, processes, effects and applications

The thermoelectric and electrothermal forces are caused by thermoelectricity and by difference of temperature.

The thermoelectric and electrothermal processes have to do with electricity generated by differences in temperature and vice versa.

They are involving such physical effects as thermoelectric and electrocaloric effects in solid conductors (Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, Thomson effect, and so on), as the direct Seebeck effect of generation of an electrical current in a circuit by the heat flow and the converse Peltier physical effect of generation of a heat flow by the current flow, as in refrigeration, and the Kelvin’s effect involving the reversible generation of heat while a current flows in a conductor with a temperature gradient. It took almost 30 years to discover these interrelated effects and more then 130 years for useful applications, as thermoelectric devices, generators, thermocouples, coolers, etc.

Thermoelectric devices are defined as a sort of devices converting heat directly into elictricity or conversly transforming electrical energy into thermal power for heating or cooling. Based on thermoelectric and electrothermal effects, they work on interactions between the flow of heat and electricity through solid bodies.

The electro-magnetic and magneto-electric forces, processes, effects and applications

The electro-magnetic and magneto-electric processes cover

the law of Bio-Savare-Laplace,

magneto-electric effects in antiferromagnetics,

the law of electro-magnetic induction (in conducting circuits), etc.

The magneto-electromagnetic and electromagnetic-magnetic forces, processes, effects and applications      

The magneto-electromagnetic and electromagnetic-magnetic processes include Faraday effect, Cotton-Mouton effect in liquids, solids, gases and plasma, Seeman effect in atoms (the main effect in magnetooptics which study an influence of constant magnetic fields on the optical properties of physical systems or objects).

Inverse Faraday effect, inverse effect of Cotton-Mouton and inverse Seeman’s effect in the same objects (liquids, solids, gases and plasma) fall under these processes as well.

Magneto-optic effects are when the presence of a quasistatic magnetic field is changing the way how an electromagnetic wave propagates through a medium. In a material, called gyrotropic or gyromagnetic, left– and right-rotating elliptical polarizations can propagate at different speeds, leading to a number of important phenomena.

When light is transmitted through a layer of magneto-optic material, the result is called the Faraday effect: the light’s plane of polarization can be rotated.

Author’s PhD was devoted to discoverying and systematizing the inverse magneto-optic effects, as inverse Faraday effects, generation of spontanous magnetic fields, in the nonlinear medium as thermonuclear plasma

(Abdullaev A., Sov. J. Plasma Physics, 14, 214 (1988); (Abdullaev A., Frolov A., Inverse Faradey Effect in Relativistic Electron Plasma, JETF, 81, 917-932, 1981)

The mechano-electromagnetic and electromagnetomotive forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechano-electromagnetic processes include all the quantum electrodynamic effects, like as

Compton effect and the inverse Compton effect,

Mossbauer effectnuclear -resonance.

In the framework of Quantum Electrodynamics, the process reversal law expressed by the equality between the probabilities of forward and reverse transitions.

For the classical mechano-electromagnetic processes, it is necessary to note the ponderomotive influence of light on a substance,

acousto-optical effects (e.g., soundluminescence of liquids),

dynamooptical effects in anisotropic media,

effects connected with charged particles emission transporting through matter (Cherenkov effect, friction and transition radiation),

external photoeffect, the effect of accelerating of charged particles (electrons) by intense electromagnetic fields – inverse Cherenkov effect , etc.

Pondermotive forces, as light pressure, are produced by powerful electromagnetic radiation.

The mechano-electric and electro-mechanical forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechano-electric processes (classical and quantum) and electro-mechanical processes include all the electrostriction’s effects in solids (as piezoelectric effects in dielectrics, acoustoelectric effect in metals and semiconductors).

Dynamoelectric effects cover the focible relationships between mechanical force and electricity, while electrodynamic processes – the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.

As the big applications are electrical motors and generators or dynamo machines, converting mechanical forces into electrical forces by the agency of electromagnetic induction..

In quantum physical limit, it is the quantum mechanical electrostatic Aaronov-Bohm effect, including inverse effect and so forth.

Piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from mechanical pressure or deformation, or the electric charge accumulated in solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in reaction to applied mechanical stress. It is discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie.

The piezoelectric effect is the electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry, such as quartz, Rochelle salt, human bone, as well as engineered material, lithium niobate and lead zirconate titanate.

As a real process and effect, the piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain from an applied electrical field).

The inverse piezoelectric effect refers to a deformation of these materials by an electric field, which causes tensile or compressive strains and stresses, depending upon the direction of the electric field, the direction of polarization in the material, and its connection to other structures.

Here is a sample addition of some areas of application of direct and converse piezoelectric effects and materials.

Actuators and Sensors, linear motors, rotary motors, and pumps, as well as load cells, pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes.

Acoustics transducers to generate sound waves for miniature speakers in portable electronic devices, medical ultrasound devices, and SONAR transducers, such as the tonpilz transducer. Acoustic waves generated by a tonpilz transducer with a piezo-stack actuator.

The direct piezoelectric effect allows piezoelectric materials for acoustic sensing in microphones, hydrophones, and acoustic-electric guitars. MEMS RF filters based on surface acoustic waves and bulk acoustic waves to convert electrical signals to elastic waves and then back to electrical signals; MEMS devices as micro-scale chemical and biological sensors, as quartz crystal microbalance. Microfluidics, inkjet printers use piezoelectric actuators, etc.

The same description could be performed for all physical processes, their effects, direct and inverse, and applications.

The mechano-magnetic forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechano-magnetic processes and magneto-mechanical processes contain all the magnetostriction effects (piezomagnetism) in ferromagnetics and antiferromagnetics, gyromagnetic effects in ferromagnetics (Einstein – de Haas effect, Barnet effect).