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2018
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In the following sentences, mark the conjunctions and tell to what class they belong; ask the question when, where, why, how, on what condition, for what purpose, to what result. Underscore the subordinate clauses. The subjects of the subordinate clauses are printed in italics.
1. Speech was developed that we might be able to communicate with one another.
2. The International failed in the crisis because it had no definite war program.
3. We will fail if we have no definite program.
4. If labor were united, we could destroy wage slavery.
5. When the people understand, they will no longer submit.
6. Labor cannot win until it learns solidarity.
7. After the terrible war is over, the workers in all countries may come closer together.
8. We are convinced of the folly of nationalism since the war has been declared.
9. If we knew the facts we could not be misled.
10. Inform yourself before you seek to teach others.
11. We must unite in order that we may possess power.
12. It is more than the heart can bear.
13. May you have courage to dare ere you have ceased to dream.
14. If we remain ignorant, we shall remain enslaved.
15. We sometimes fear to trust our own thought because it is our own.
16. Though we should lose the strike we will not despair.
17. The battle waged so fiercely that thousands were slain.
PHRASE CONJUNCTIONS
360. There are certain phrases which have come to be used together as conjunctions so commonly that we may consider them as conjunctions. They are:
As if, as though, but also, but likewise, so that, except that, inasmuch as, notwithstanding that, in order that, as well as, as far as, so far as, as little as, provided that, seeing that, etc.
Exercise 2
Write sentences using these phrase conjunctions to introduce clauses.
NOUN CLAUSES
361. We have found that there are two kinds of clauses, principal clauses and subordinate clauses.
A principal clause is one that does not depend on any word.
A subordinate clause is one that depends upon some word or words in the principal clause.
We have found, also, that these principal clauses are always connected by co-ordinate conjunctions, for they are of equal rank and importance; neither is dependent upon the other.
Subordinate clauses are always connected with the principal clause by a subordinate conjunction. The subordinate clauses which we have been studying have all been adverb clauses which are used to describe the action expressed in the verb contained in the principal clauses.
The subordinate clause in a sentence may also be used as a noun. When the subordinate clause is used as a noun it is called a noun clause.
362.A noun clause is a clause used as a noun.
A noun clause may be used in any way in which a noun is used, except as a possessive. It may be used as a subject, an object, a predicate complement, or in apposition with a noun. These noun clauses may be introduced by either relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns or by conjunctions. For example:
I know who he is.
He asked, "what do you want?"
I know where it is.
In the first sentence, who he is, is a noun clause used as the object of the verb know. It tells what I know, and is the object of the verb know,—just as if I had said; I know the facts. In this sentence the noun, facts, is the object of the verb know.
In the second sentence, He asked, "what do you want?" the noun clause what do you want is the object of the verb asked, and is introduced by the interrogative pronoun what.
We will study in a subsequent lesson the use of noun clauses introduced by relative pronouns. In this lesson we are studying the conjunctions.
In the last sentence, I know where it is, the noun clause where it is, is the object of the verb know, and is introduced by the conjunction where.
363. Noun clauses are introduced by the subordinate conjunctions, where, when, whence, whither, whether, how, why, and also by the subordinate conjunction that. For example:
I know where I can find it.
I inquired when he would arrive.
We do not know whence it cometh nor whither it goeth.
Ask whether the train has gone.
I don't know how I can find you.
I cannot understand why he does so.
I believe that he is honest.
In all of these examples the noun clauses are used as the objects of the verb. Noun clauses may also be used as objects of prepositions. As, for example:
You do not listen to what is said.
He talked to me about what had happened.
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