Abanyafurika

Abanyafurika
Андрей Тихомиров

Abatuye umugabane wa Afrika baratandukanye cyane haba mu ndimi, imibereho-ubukungu n’umuco. Indimi z'abatuye Afurika zishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda akurikira: 1) Abasemite-Hamitike; 2) amatsinda menshi yindimi zifata umurongo uva iburengerazuba bwa Sahara kugera ku masoko ya Nili kandi mbere washyizwe mu itsinda rya "Sudani"; ibikorwa biheruka by'abahanga mu by'indimi byagaragaje ko izo ndimi zitagaragaza ko zegeranye cyane, kandi zimwe muri zo zikaba zegeranye n'indimi za Bantu; 3) Bantu mu majyepfo yumugabane; 4) itsinda rito rya Khoi-san muri Afrika yepfo; 5) abaturage bo ku kirwa cya Madagasikari, ururimi rwabo ni urw'itsinda rya Malayo-Polynesiyani; 6) Abakoloni b'Abanyaburayi n'ababakomokaho.

Андрей Тихомиров

Abanyafurika

Dukurikije inyandiko imwe, ijambo "Afurika" rikomoka ku izina ry'umuryango wa Berber Afrigia, wabaga mu majyaruguru y'umugabane wa Afurika, hari n'intara y'Abaroma ya Afurika. Intara y'Abaroma ya Afrika yashinzwe na Roma mu 146 mbere ya Yesu. e. kurubuga rwa leta ya Carthagine, yigaruriye igice cyamajyaruguru yuburengerazuba bwa Tuniziya ya none. Mu gihe cy’Ingoma, Afurika yari iy'intara za senateri kandi yategekwaga na porokireri. Igihe cyIngoma kirangwa no gutera imbere kwimiterere yimijyi. Imijyi yakiriye uburenganzira bwabakoloni namakomine. Igice cyiganje mu mijyi ni abakoloni b'Abaroma hamwe n'intore z'Abaroma z'abaturage baho. Mu mico, mugihe cy'Ingoma, intara ya Afrika yagize uruhare runini. Icyakora, abaturage bo mu cyaro kavukire bakomeje kuba abanyamahanga ku rurimi rw'ikilatini n'umuco w'Abaroma. Mu kinyejana cya 4-5. yahindutse akarere k’imyivumbagatanyo ikomeye y’abacakara n’inkingi, cyacogoye cyane Ingoma y’Abaroma kandi igira uruhare mu kugwa kwayo. Muri 5 c. Abangiza batuye muri Afurika. Muri 6 c. umwami w'abami wa Byzantine Justinian yashoboye gusubiza ku nkombe z'inyanja, ariko imbaraga za Byzantium zari nke. Mu kinyejana cya 7 Intara nyafurika yigaruriwe nabarabu.

Muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, kera mu kinyagihumbi cya mbere mbere ya Yesu. e. hari ibihugu byinshi byigenga: Carthage, yashinzwe n'abimukira baturutse muri Fenisiya, bavugaga ururimi rw'Abasemite hafi y'Igiheburayo, Mauritania na Numidia, cyakozwe n'Abanyalibiya. Nyuma yo kwigarurira Carthage n'Abaroma mu 146 mbere ya Yesu. e. ibi bihugu, nyuma yintambara yinangiye, byahindutse umutungo wabaroma. Ibinyejana bike mbere yigihe gishya, iterambere ryumuryango wambere ryatangiriye kubutaka bwa Etiyopiya ya none. Imwe muri leta zateye imbere hano – Aksum – yageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu kinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu. n. e., igihe ibyo yari atunze mu burengerazuba byageze mu gihugu cya Meroe mu kibaya cya Nili, no mu burasirazuba – "Arabiya Nziza" (Yemeni ya none). Mu kinyagihumbi cya II na. e. ibihugu bikomeye byateye imbere muri Sudani y'Uburengerazuba (Gana, Mali, Songhai na Bornu); nyuma, leta zashinzwe ku nkombe za Gineya (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, n'ibindi), mu burengerazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Tchad (leta z'abaturage ba Hausa) no mu tundi turere twinshi two ku mugabane wa Afurika.

Indimi z'abaturage bo muri Afurika yo mu turere dushyuha, ziba mu majyepfo y’umuryango wa Semitike-Hamitike, kuri ubu usanga zahujwe mu miryango ibiri: Niger (Congo) -Kordofan na Nilo-Sahara. Itsinda rya Niger-Kordofanian ririmo itsinda rya Niger-Congo – amatsinda menshi kandi ahuza: Iburengerazuba bwa Atlantika, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo na Adamawa-Iburasirazuba. Iburengerazuba bwa Atlantike harimo abantu benshi ba Fulbe baba mu matsinda atandukanye mu bihugu hafi ya byose byo muri Sudani y’iburengerazuba no hagati, Wolof na Serepi (Senegali), n’abandi. ), abaturage ba Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, nibindi) – muri Burkinafaso, Gana no mubindi bihugu. Abaturage ba Kwa barimo abantu benshi bo ku nkombe za Gineya nka Yoruba na Ibo (Nijeriya), Akan (Gana) na Ewe (Benin na Togo); hafi ya Ewe ni inyuma, batuye mu majyepfo kandi rimwe na rimwe bitwa Dahomeans; imyanya runaka yitaruye ituwe nabantu bavuga indimi (cyangwa imvugo) ya Kru. Aba ni Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn nabandi baturage baba muri Liberiya na Coryte d'Ivoire (Coryte d'Ivoire). Itsinda rya Benue-Congo ryakozwe nabantu benshi, mbere ryitirirwa umuryango wihariye wa Bantu nitsinda rya Bantu ryiburasirazuba. Abaturage ba Bantu, bahuje ibitsina mu mvugo n’umuco, batuye mu bihugu byo muri Afurika yo hagati no mu gice cy’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (ahahoze ari Zayire), Angola, Tanzaniya, Mozambike, Zimbabwe, Afurika y'Epfo, n'ibindi). Bantu igabanijwe n'abahanga mu by'indimi mu matsinda 15: icya 1 – duala, lupdu, fang, n'ibindi.; Icya 2 -teke, mpongwe, kele; Icya gatatu – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; Icya 4 – u Rwanda, rundi; 5 – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6-nyamwezi, nyatura; Icya 7 – Igiswahiri, togo, hehe; 8 – Kongo, ambundu; 9-chokwe, luena; 10-luba; 11-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12 – Malawi 13 – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14 – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15 – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, nibindi

Indimi za Bantu nazo zivugwa nitsinda rya Pygmies yo mu kibaya cya Kongo (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, nibindi), ubusanzwe itandukanijwe nkabantu batandukanye. Muri Bantus yo mu burasirazuba no hagati, ururimi rw'igiswahiri, rwagize ingaruka zigaragara z'icyarabu, rwamamaye mu myaka ya vuba aha, abayivuga ni miliyoni 60 (abaturage b'Abaswahili ni miliyoni 1.9). Adamuua, itsinda ryiburasirazuba, ririmo Azande, Cham-Ba, Banda, nabandi baba muri Sudani yo hagati nuburasirazuba.

Itsinda rya Kordofan, ugereranije ni rito mu mubare n'akarere, ririmo abaturage ba Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi na Katla (Repubulika ya Sudani).

Umuryango wa Nilo-Sahara uhagarariwe nitsinda: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, hamwe nabantu babiri batandukanye mu ndimi Maba na For (Fur). Songhai irimo Songhai ikwiye, kimwe na Djerma na Dandy, batuye ku nkombe zo hagati ya Nigeriya; ku itsinda rya Sahara – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) na zagava, batuye ku nkombe z'ikiyaga cya Tchad no muri Sahara yo hagati. Itsinda rikomeye rya Shari-Nil muri uyu muryango ririmo abaturage bo muri Sudani y'Iburasirazuba (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, cyangwa Nubian, n'ibindi), mbere bakaba barashyizwe mu muryango wigenga wa Nilotic; Abaturage bo muri Sudani yo hagati (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta na Kunama. Abantu bo muri iri tsinda baba mu majyaruguru ya Zayire no mu majyepfo ya Sudani. Indimi za Morumadi zivugwa nimiryango ya Pygmy (Efe, Basua, nibindi).