Critical and Historical Essays. Volume 3
Aix, island of, captured, ii. 276.
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, iii. 270.
Akenside, his Epistle to Curio, ii. 222.
Albigensian Crusade, iii. 9-11.
Alexander the Great, compared with Clive, ii. 760.
Alfieri, Vittorio, first to appreciate Dante, i. 6.
Influenced by the school of Plutarch, 256.
Comparable to Cowper, 591.
Alphabetical writing, the greatest of human inventions, ii. 460.
Comparative views of its value by Plato and Bacon, 460, 461.
Anabaptists, their origin, ii. 72.
Anacharsis, reputed contriver of the potter's wheel, ii. 447.
Anaverdy Khan, governor of the Carnatic, ii. 685.
Angria, his fortress of Gheriah, reduced by Clive, ii. 700.
Anne, Queen, her political and religious inclinations as Queen, ii. 176.
Changes in her government in 1710, 177.
Relative estimation by the Whigs and the Tories of her reign, 178-186.
Annus Mirabilis, Dryden's, i. 215.
Anytus, first briber of Athenian judges, ii. 431.
Apostolical succession, claimed by Mr. Gladstone for the Church of England, ii. 645.
Aquinas, Thomas, ii. 482.
Archimedes, his slight estimate of his inventions, ii. 457.
Archytas, rebuked by Plato, ii. 457.
Arcot; Nabob of, his relations with England, ii. 685-692.
His claims recognized by the English, 687.
Argyle, Duke of, secedes from Walpole's administration, ii. 241.
Ariosto, rises above Petrarch's influence, i. 5.
Aristotle, his unrivalled excellence in analysis and combination, i. 40.
Value of his general propositions, 41.
His enlightened and profound criticism, 41.
His authority impaired by the Reformation, ii. 454.
Arithmetic, comparative estimate of, by Plato and by Bacon, ii. 456.
Arlington, Henry Bennet, Lord, his character, ii. 523.
His coldness for the Triple Alliance, 530.
His impeachment, 546.
Arragon and Castile, their old institutions favorable to public liberty, ii. 137.
Arrian, authenticity his only merit as an historian, i. 251.
Art, rise of, in Italy, i. 148.
Need of skill for perfection in, 200.
Art of War, Machiavelli's, i. 175.
Arundel, Earl of, ii. 443.
Asaph-ul-Dowlah, prince of Oude, taxed by Hastings, iii. 188.
Agrees to plunder the Begums, 189.
Method used, 191.
Assemblies, deliberative, ii. 273.
Astronomy, comparative estimate of, by Socrates and by Bacon, ii. 459.
Athenian Orators, On the, i. 40-55.
Athenians, oratory unequalled, i. 45.
Their taste and knowledge, 46.
Method of education, 47.
Athens, eloquence at, i. 51.
Progress of her oratory kept pace with her decay, 52.
Ostracism at, 64.
Her freedom and happiness, 68.
Cruelty excusable, 69.
Evil of slavery, 71.
Permanent effect of her intellectual power, 80.
Attainder, act of, ii. 39, 40.
Aubrey, charges Bacon with corruption, ii. 425.
Bacon's decision against him after his present, 440.
Aurungzebe, his policy, iii. 680.
Baber, founder of the Mogul Empire, iii. 679.
Bacon, Lady, mother of Francis Bacon, ii. 368.
Bacon, Francis, review of Basil Montagu's new edition of his works, ii. 357-497.
His father, 362-368.
His mother distinguished as a linguist, 368.
His early years, 371-374.
His services refused by Government, 374, 375.
His admission at Gray's Inn, 375.
His legal attainments, 375, 376.
Sat in Parliament in 1593, 377.
Part he took in politics, 378.
His friendship with the Earl of Essex, 382-389.
Examination of his conduct to Essex, 390-397.
Influence of King James on his fortunes, 399.
His servility to Lord Southampton, 400.
Influence his talents had with the public, 400.
His distinction in Parliament and in the courts of law, 402.
His literary and philosophical works, 402.
His "Novum Organum," and the admiration it excited, 403.
His work of reducing and recompiling the laws of England, 403.
His tampering with the judges on the trial of Peacham, 404-408.
Attaches himself to Buckingham, 410.
His appointment as Lord Keeper, 413.
His share in the vices of the administration, 414.
His animosity towards Sir Edward Coke, 419.
His town and country residences, 420, 421.
His titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans, 421, 422.
Report against him of the Committee on the Courts of Justice, 424.
Nature of the charges, 425.
Overwhelming evidence to them, 426, 427.
His admission of his guilt, 427.
His sentence, 428.
Examination of Mr. Montagu's arguments in his defence, 429-440.
Mode in which he spent the last years of his life, 441, 442.
His death, 443.
Chief peculiarity of his philosophy, 444-455.
His views compared with those of Plato, 456-465.
To what his wide and durable fame is chiefly owing, 469.
His frequent treatment of moral subjects, 472.
His views as a theologian, 474.
Vulgar notion of him as inventor of the inductive method, 475.
Estimate of his analysis of that method, 475-484.
Union of audacity and sobriety in his temper, 484.
His amplitude of comprehension, 485.
His freedom from the spirit of controversy, 487.
His eloquence, wit, and similitudes, 487, 488.
His disciplined imagination, 490.
His boldness and originality, 491.
Unusual order in the development of his faculties, 492.
Specimens of his two styles, 493.
Value of his Essays, 494.
His greatest performance the first book of the Novum Organum, 495.
Contemplation of his life, 496, 497.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, ii. 362-368.
Character of the class of statesmen to which he belonged, 363.
Classical acquirements of his wife, 368.
Baconian philosophy, its chief peculiarity, ii. 444.
Its essential spirit, 448.
Its method and object, 455, 456.
Comparative views of Bacon and Plato, 456-465.
Its beneficent spirit, 462, 465, 468, 469.
Its value compared with ancient philosophy, 465-478.
Banim, Mr., defends James II. as a supporter of toleration, ii. 330.
Barcelona, captured by Peterborough, ii. 161-164.
Barère, Bertrand, Mémoires de, reviewed, iii. 487-590.
Approached nearest to the idea of universal depravity, 489.
His natural disposition, 490.
Greatest liar known, 493.
His false account of Marie Antoinette's death, 494.
Of the proceedings against the Girondists, 497.
Birth and education, 499.
Marriage, 500.
First visit to Paris, 501.
Elected to the States General, 502.
Position there, 503.
Becomes a justice, 507.
Chosen to the second convention, 510.
At first a Girondist, 515.
Accused of royalist sympathies, 518.
A federalist, 520.
Opposes the Jacobins, 521.
On the Committee of Public Safety, 522.
Supports the Girondists against the Paris authorities, 523.
Feeling of parties toward, 526.
Goes over to the Jacobins and accuses the prominent Girondists, 527.
Raves against Marie Antoinette, 528.
Style of oratory, 529.
His bloodthirsty ferocity, 539.
Sensual excesses, 541.
His delight in murder, 543.
Urges war without quarter, 546.
Admitted to the Jacobin club, 547.
Urges the strengthening of the Revolutionary Tribunal, 553.
Deserts Robespierre, 554.
Attacked in the convention, 559.
Arrested, 561.
Enmity shown him on his way to the prison at Oléron, 563.
Escapes, 564.
The Council of Five Hundred refuses to seat him, 565.
Scorned but employed by Bonaparte, 568.
Perhaps employed as a censor, 571.
His rôle of spy, 573.
Reports on public opinion, 575.
His newspaper, 576.
His reports refused a reading, 579.
His double treason, 580.
Becomes a royalist in 1814, 580.
Exiled, 582.
Turns Jacobin under Louis Philippe, 583.
His ignorance and hatred of the English, 587.
His professions of Christianity, 589.
Barillon, M., French ambassador, his opinion of the council proposed by Sir William Temple, ii. 556, 564.
Barwell, Mr., made councillor in India, iii. 144.
Supports Hastings, 148.
Baxter, Richard, his testimony to the excellence of Hampden, ii. 4.
Beatrice, Dante's devotion to, i. 11.
Beaumarchais, his suit before the Parliament of Paris, ii. 440, 441.
Bedford, Duke of, head of a Whig faction, iii. 600.
Opposed to Pitt's war policy, 613.
His party compared to Rockingham's, 654.
Bedford, Earl of, invited by Charles I. to form an administration, ii. 40.
Bellasys, General, ii. 156.
Belphegor, Machiavelli's, i. 168.
Benares, its wealth, iii. 178, 179.
Relation of the English to, 180.
Revolution in, on the arrest of Cheyte Sing, 185.
Conquered and added to British dominion, 187.
Benevolences, Oliver St. John's opposition to, and Bacon's support of, ii. 403.
Bengal, its resources, ii. 700, 701.
Internal government of, iii. 127-129.
Competition for minister-ship, 129.
Character of its people, 130.
Hastings gains control of, 134.
Bentham, Jeremy, his character, i. 424.
His defence of James Mill, 425.
His argument over despotism, 426.
Refuted, 427.
His condemnation of the theory of saturation met, 430.
His evasion of the power of public opinion displayed, 432.
Charges the "Edinburgh Review" with evasion, 435.
On Woman Suffrage, 438.
On the poor plundering the rich, 439.
Defence of a theory of government founded on certain propensities of human nature, 442.
Refutation of the same, 445.
His "greatest happiness principle," 448.
His authorship of the defence of Mill denied, 458.
His greatness; his literary partnership with Dumont, ii. 96-98.
On the French Revolution, 294.
Bentinck, Lord William, his memory cherished by the Hindoos, ii. 762.
Bentivoglio, Cardinal, on the state of religion in England in the sixteenth century, ii. 84.
Bentley, Richard, his quarrel with Boyle, and remarks on Temple's Essay on the Letters of Phalaris, ii. 593-595.
Berwick, Duke of, checks the allies, ii. 158.
His retreat before Galway, 166.
Bible, the English, its excellence, i. 210.
Bishops, claims of those of the Church of England to apostolical succession, ii. 246.
Black Hole of Calcutta, described, ii. 704.
Retribution of the English for its horrors, 706, 710, 712-715.
Blackstone, Sir William, ii. 356.
Bodley, Sir Thomas, ii. 403, 443.
Boileau, Nicolas, introduced to Addison, iii. 413.
His contempt for modern Latin poetry, 414.
Bolingbroke, Lord, proposes to strengthen the royal prerogative, ii. 211.
His method of reform, iii. 610.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, becomes first consol, iii. 566.
His scorn of Barère, 568.
Employs Barère as a writer and a spy, 569.
His opinion of Barère as a writer, 577.
Refuses to accept his reports, 579.
Book of the Church, Southey's, i. 500.
Borgia, Cæsar, his triumph and failure, i. 170.
Boroughs, rotten, abolition of, ii. 220.
Boswell, James, his life of Johnson, ii. 691.
His work expurgated by Croker, 707.
And interpolated with extracts from other authors, 708.
His mean character, 711.
Lack of talent, 714.
Not ill-natured, 716.
Bourbon, House of, its vicissitudes in Spain, ii. 148-175.
Boyle, Charles, nominal editor of the Letters of Phalaris, ii. 236, 237.
"Boys," the, oppose Sir R. Walpole, ii. 216, 252.
Brahmin, fable of a pious, i. 546.
Breda, treaty of, ii. 527.
Brihuega, siege of, ii. 174.
"Broad Bottom Administration, The," ii. 255.
Brown's Estimate, ii. 266.
Brussels, seat of a viceregal court, ii. 526.
Buchanan, character of his writings, ii. 455.
Buckingham, Duke of, the "Steenie" of James I., ii. 14.
Bacon's early discernment of his influence, 410.
His expedition to Spain, 411.
His return for Bacon's patronage, 412.
His corruption, 415.
His character and position, 415, 420.
His marriage, 423, 424.
His visit to Bacon, and report of his condition, 426.
Budgell, Eustace, a relation of Addison, iii. 458.
Bunyan, John, Southey's life reviewed, i. 743-758.
His Pilgrim's Progress, 745-749.
An excitable man in an age of excitement, 751.
Not vicious, 752.
His internal conflicts, 753.
Style delightful. 757.
Burgoyne, General, chairman of the committee of inquiry on Lord Clive, ii. 756.
Burgundy, Louis, Duke of, ii. 116, 117.
Burke, Edmund, his imagination and sensibility, i. 497.
His opinion on the war with Spain, ii. 252.
Development of his mental powers, 492.
Effect of his speeches on the House of Commons, 601.
Investigates Indian affairs, iii. 194.
His vehemence against Hastings, 210.
Knowledge of India, 211.
Begins the impeachment of Hastings, 214.
Chairman of the impeachment committee, 221.
His opening speech at the trial, 227.
Attempts to force him to relinquish the prosecution, 231.
Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord, review of Rev. Dr. Nares's memoirs of, ii. 63-94.
His early life and character, 65-70.
His death, 70.
Importance of the times in which he lived, 71.
The great stain on his character, 89.
His conduct towards Bacon, 374-376, 383.
His apology for having resorted to torture, 407.
Bacon's letter to him upon the department of knowledge he had chosen, 486.
Burnet, Bishop, on Sir William Temple, ii. 597.
Burney, Dr. Charles, parentage, iii. 334.
Society in his home, 337.
Urges his daughter to accept the Queen's offer, 361.
Consents at last to her retirement, 374.
Burney, Fanny. See D'Arblay, Madame.
Bussy, his conduct in India, ii. 695.
Bute, Earl of, influence over George III., iii. 606.
Character, 607.
His kind of Toryism, 608.
Brought into the government, 611.
Becomes Secretary of State, 618.
Error of dismissing Newcastle, 621.
Detested on several grounds, 626.
Resigns, 635.
His career, 636.
Byng, Admiral, was he a martyr to political party? i. 696.
His failure at Minorca, ii. 266.
His trial, 269.
Opinion of his conduct, 269.
Chatham's defence of, 270.
Byron, Lord, Moore's Life of, i. 569.
His character and surroundings unfortunate, 571.
Petted and persecuted, 572.
Condemned unheard, 575.
His excesses in Italy, 577.
Goes to Greece and dies, 579.
Lot cast in a literary revolution, 580.
Largely contributed to the emancipation of literature, though naturally a reactionary, 594.
A creature of his age, 596.
The reverse of a great dramatist, 597.
Lacked diversity in characterization, 600.
Tendency to soliloquy, 600.
Lack of dramatic effect, 601.
Excelled in description, 602.
His morbidness, 603.
Influence largely due to his egotism, 605.
His popularity among young readers, 605.
Byron, Lady, quarrel with her husband, i. 573.
Cabal, the, its designs, ii. 538, 544, 548, 549.
Cadiz, exploit of Essex at the siege of, ii. 156, 385.
Pillaged by the British, 157.
Cæsar, Claudius, resemblance of James I. to, ii. 12.
Cæsars, the, parallel between them and the Tudors, not applicable, ii. 81.
Cæsar's Commentaries, i. 259.
Calcutta, its position on the Hoogley, ii. 702.
Scene of the Black Hole of, 704.
Resentment of the English at its fall, 766.
Again threatened by Surajah Dowlah, 709.
Revival of its prosperity, 720.
Its sufferings during the famine, 750.
Cambridge, University of, superior to Oxford in intellectual activity, ii. 364.
Disturbed by the Civil War. 510.
Cambyses, punishes a corrupt judge, ii. 434.
Campaign, The, Addison's, iii. 426-430.
Canada, subjugated by the British, ii. 277.
Cape Breton, reduction of, ii. 276.
Carlisle, Lady, warns Pym, ii. 46.
Carnatic, the, resources of, ii. 685.
Carnot, Hippolyte, editor of Barère's Memoirs, iii. 487.
Blamable for misstatements in the Memoirs, 494.
Finds two virtues in Barère, 586.
Carteret, Lord (afterwards Earl Granville), his ascendency after the fall of Walpole, ii. 223.
Sir Horace Walpole's stories about him, 226.
His defection from Sir Robert Walpole, 239.
Succeeds Walpole, 254.
Created Earl Granville, 255.
Carthagena, surrender of the arsenal and ships of, to the Allies, ii. 167.
Cary, Rev. Henry Francis, translator of Dante, i. 12. 22.
Casti, his Animali Parlanti characterized, i. 6.
Castile, Admiral of, ii. 157.
Castile and Arragon, their old institutions favorable to public liberty, ii. 137.
Castilians, their character in the sixteenth century, ii. 133.
Their conduct in the War of the Succession, 168.
Castracani, Castruccio, Machiavelli's life of, i. 183.
Catholics, persecution of, under Elizabeth, unjustifiable, i. 291.
Not necessarily opposed to her, 293.
Southey's hostility towards, 530.
Former treatment of, compared with present condition of Jews, 651.
Their earnestness against Protestantism, iii. 27.
See also Rome, Church of.
Catiline, his plot unwarrantably condemned, i. 260.
Cato. Addison's, iii. 457.
Cavendish, Lord, in the new council of Sir William Temple, ii. 567.
Retires, 581.
Cecil, Robert, rival of Francis Bacon, ii. 374, 375, 383.
Fear and envy of Essex, 380.
Increase of his dislike for Bacon, 382.
Conversation with Essex, 383.
His interference to obtain knighthood for Bacon, 399.
Cecilia, Fanny Burney's, iii. 355.
Change of style apparent in, 388.
Censorship, ii. 351.
Cervantes, i. 193; ii. 134, 359.
Chalmers, Dr., his defence of the Church, ii. 605.
Champion, Colonel, sent to help Sujah Dowlah against the Rohillas, iii. 141.
Chandernagore, French settlement on the Hoogley, ii. 701.
Captured by the English, 709, 710.
Charles, Archduke, his claim to the Spanish crown, ii. 140.
Takes the field in support of it, 158.
Accompanies Peterborough in his expedition, 161.
His success in the northeast of Spain, 165.
Is proclaimed king at Madrid, 167.
His reverses and retreat, 170.
His reëntry into Madrid, 173.
Concludes a peace, 177.
Forms an alliance with Philip of Spain, 183.
Charles I., justification of the Great Rebellion against, i. 112 et seq.
Charges against him upheld, 117.
His execution an error, 122, 341.
His conduct toward Strafford, 315.
His early mistakes, 317.
Attempts to seize the five members, 318.
His deceit toward the Commons, 320.
Uses force unsuccessfully, 321.
Loses the loyalty of his people, 322.
Attempted absolute monarchy, 327.
Clings to the control of the army, 333.
Falls into the hands of the army, 340.
Inconsistent attitude toward the Established Church, 344.
Hampden's opposition to him and its consequences, ii. 16, 27-20.
Resistance of the Scots to him, 30.
His increasing difficulties, 35.
His conduct, towards the House of Commons, 44-49.
His flight, 50.
Review of his conduct and treatment, 51-55.
Reaction in his favor during the Long Parliament, 326.
Cause of his political blunders, 422.
Effect of the victory over him on the national character, 503, 504.
Charles II., his unfitness for the English throne, i. 211.
Disgrace of his reign, 353.
Licentiousness of his court, 358.
Pecuniary transactions in a measure excusable, 363.
Lack of national feeling under, 365.
His situation in 1660 contrasted with that of Louis XVIII., ii. 310, 311.
His character, 317-319, 524, 538, 568.
His position towards the king of France, 322.
Consequences of his levity and apathy, 325.
His court compared with that of his father, 523.
His extravagance, 526.
His subserviency to France, 530, 535, 536.
His renunciation of the dispensing power, 547.
His relations with Temple, 548-553, 583.
His system of bribery of the Commons, 559.
His dislike of Halifax, 576.
His dismissal of Temple, 586.
Charles II. of Spain, unhappy condition of, ii. 139, 144-148.
His difficulties in respect to the succession, 139-143.
Charles VIII. of France, ii. 487.
Charles XII. of Sweden, compared to Clive, ii. 760.
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, character of his public life, ii. 234, 235.
His early life and travels, 236.
Enters the army, 237.
Obtains a seat in Parliament, 237.
Attaches himself to the Whigs in Opposition, 243.
His qualities as an orator, 246-250.
Is made Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales, 251.
Declaims against the ministers, 253.
His opposition to Carteret, 254.
Legacy left him by the Duchess of Marlborough, 254.
Supports the Pelham ministry, 255.
Appointed Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, 256.
Averse to subsidizing foreign powers, 264.
Overtures made to him by Newcastle, 264, 267.
Made Secretary of State, 268.
Defends Admiral Byng, 270.
Coalesces with the Duke of Newcastle, 273.
Success of his administration, 275-281.
His appreciation of Clive, 728, 753.
Breach between him and the great Whig connection, 752.
Review of his correspondence, iii. 591-687.
Forms a coalition with Newcastle, 596.
His war policy attacked, 612.
Resigns, 616.
Rewarded for his services, 617.
Speech against the French treaty, 633.
Invited to succeed Grenville, 640.
His legacy from Pynsent, 645.
Refuses to take the ministry without Grenville, 650.
Supports the repeal of the Stamp Act, 658.
His position toward Rockingham's ministry, 664.
Attempts to form a ministry, 668.
Loss of popularity on accepting a peerage, 670.
Errors in policy, 672.
Taken ill, 674.
His recovery, 677.
His relations with Rockingham and Grenville, 680.
Attitude on the American Revolution, 683.
Final speech in the House of Lords, 684.
Death, 685.
Public funeral, 686.
Cherbourg, guns taken from, ii. 276.
Cheyte Sing, Prince of Benares, iii. 179.
Hastings demands money from, 183.
Arrested, 184.
Chillingworth, William, on apostolical succession, ii. 650.
Chinsurah, Dutch settlement on the Hoogley, ii. 701.
Its siege by the English and capitulation, 727.
Christchurch, Oxford, its repute after the Revolution, ii. 592.
Issues a new edition of the Letters of Phalaris, 592, 593.
Chunar, treaty of, iii. 189.
Church of England, moderation and loyalty, i. 303.
Its sophisms at the time of the Revolution, 368.
Mr. Gladstone's work in defence of it, ii. 600.
His arguments for its being the pure Catholic Church of Christ, 641.
Its claims to apostolical succession discussed, 645-655.
Views respecting its alliance with the state, 659-668.
Its rejection of enthusiasts, iii. 31.
Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough, his rise the result of conditions, i. 360.
His infamous treason, 369.
Converted to Whiggism, ii. 176.
Addison's mention of, in The Campaign, iii. 429.
Cicero, partiality of Dr. Middleton towards, ii. 360.
The most eloquent and skilful of advocates, 361.
His epistles in his banishment, 379.
His opinion of the study of rhetoric, 477.
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, defects in his History, i. 277.
Too good for his age, 361.
His virtues and faults, 362.
His testimony in regard to Hampden, ii. 5, 6, 19, 21, 26-28, 37, 41, 56, 59, 61.
His literary merit, 358.
His position at the head of affairs, 522-530.
His faulty style, 541.
His opposition to the growing power of the Commons, 561.
His temper, 562.
Classical literature, indiscriminate praise of, i. 44.
Should be justly estimated, 45.
Clavering, General, made Councillor for India, iii. 144.
Opposes Hastings, 148.