Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Вживання часів

She has been playing volleyball since childhood. – Вона грае у волейбол з дитинства. Вона справжнiй професiонал.

I have been washing the car. I need to take a shower. – Я мив машину. Менi потрiбно прийняти душ.

Present Continuous – дiя вiдбуваеться зараз.

She is playing volleyball. Look – she is wearing black shorts and a white T-shirt. – Вона грае у волейбол. Подивися – на нiй чорнi шорти i бiла футболка.

I am washing the car. Then I’ll have a shower. – Я мию машину. Потiм я прийму душ.

Рiзниця мiж The Present Perfect Continuous i The Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous – акцент на тривалостi дii. Неважливо, закiнчилася дiя чи нi.

I have been cleaning the kitchen all morning. I am very tired. – Я прибирала кухню весь ранок. Я дуже втомилася.

Mary is very studious. She has been doing homework all evening. – Мерi дуже старанна. Вона робить домашне завдання весь вечiр.

Present Perfect – акцент на результатi дii. Дiя виконана.

I have cleaned the kitchen. It is as good as new now. – Я прибрала кухню. Тепер вона як новенька.

She can go out because she has done her homework. – Вона може йти гуляти, бо зробила домашне завдання.

Present Perfect Continuous – дiя все ще тривае або тiльки що закiнчилася. Можна задати питання how long?(як довго?).

I have been watching the last season of “Game of Thrones” since yesterday. – Я дивлюся останнiй сезон "Гри престолiв" з учорашнього дня.

They have been hitchhiking for seven years. – Вони подорожують автостопом вже сiм рокiв.

Present Perfect – дiю завершено. Можна задати питання how much?(скiльки?), how many times?(скiльки разiв?), how often?(як часто?).

I have watched the last episode of “Game of Thrones” three times. – Я подивився останню серiю "Гри престолiв" три рази.

I have never hitchhiked in my life. – Я нiколи в життi не подорожував автостопом.

Рiзниця мiж The Present Perfect Continuous i The Past Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous – дiя почалася в минулому i або все ще тривае, або у неi е результат в сьогоденнi.

What have you been doing all day today? – I have been working on a presentation for our next meeting. – Чим ти займався весь день сьогоднi? – Я працював над презентацiею для нашого наступного зiбрання.

Past Continuous – дiя вiдбувалася в певний момент в минулому.

What were you doing at 9 p.m. yesterday? – I was working on a presentation for our next meeting. – Що ти робив вчора о 9 годинi вечора? – Я працював над презентацiею для нашого наступного зiбрання.

Рiзниця мiж The Future Perfect Continuous i The Future Perfect Simple

Future Perfect Continuous i Future Perfect Simple схожi, а iнодi можуть бути взаемозамiнними. Наприклад, у випадку з дiесловами, якi не використовуються з часами Continuous: know, understand та iншими. Однак е мiж ними одна важлива вiдмiннiсть – для Future Perfect Continuous важливо пiдкреслити тривалiсть дii, а Future Perfect Simple робить акцент на завершеностi дii i ii результатi.

By the end of the day I will have been reading for eight hours. – К кiнцю дня я буду читати протягом восьми годин. – Future Perfect Continuous

By the end of the day I will have read 500 pages of the book. – К кiнцю дня я прочитаю 500 сторiнок книги. – Future Perfect Simple

I will have been working on this project for six months by the end of this year. – К кiнцю року я буду працювати над цим проектом вже протягом шести мiсяцiв. – Future Perfect Continuous

I will have finished working on this project by the end of this year. – К кiнцю року я закiнчу працювати над цим проектом. – Future Perfect Simple

Запам'ятайте:

У додаткових реченнях часу i умови пiсля сполучникiв if, when, as soon as, before, till/until, after замiсть майбутнього часу вживаеться теперiшнiй час.

Вправа 41

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. I (to play) chess tomorrow. 2. It (to be) cold in autumn. It often (to rain). A cold wind often (to blow). 3. You (to come) to my place next Sunday? 4. My sister (not to like) coffee. 5. I (not to play) chess tomorrow. 6. The weather (to be) fine today. It (to be) warm, the sun (to shine) brightly. A soft wind (to blow). Small white clouds (to sail) in the sky. 7. You (to read) this book next week? 8. When you (to go) to bed every day? 9. You (to play) chess tomorrow? 10. Don’t go out: it (to rain) heavily. 11. You (to read) books every day? 12. What he (to read) now? 13. He (to play) chess every day. 14. Take your raincoat with you. I am afraid it (to rain) in the evening and you (to get) wet through if you (not to put) it on.

Вправа 42

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. You (to read) a book now? 2. What he (to read) every day? 3. He (not to play) chess every day. 4. Every spring birds (to come) to our garden and (to sing) in the trees. 5. I (not to see) him tomorrow. 6. What he (to read) tomorrow? 7. He (to play) chess every day? 8. Listen! Somebody (to sing) in the next room. 9. What you (to do) tomorrow? 10. You (to give) me this book tomorrow? 11. They (to play) chess now. 12. It usually (not to snow) at this time of the year. 13. What your friend (to do) tomorrow? 14. Where she (to be) tomorrow?

Вправа 43

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. They (not to play) chess now. 2. What the weather (to be) like now? It (to snow)? – No, it … . 3. Where you (to go) next summer? 4. Where she (to go) tomorrow? 5. They (to play) chess now? 6. We (to go) out of town to ski on Sunday? – Yes, we … if it (to snow) this week and if there (to be) a lot of snow everywhere. 7. Where you (to go) every morning? 8. She (to go) to the country with us tomorrow? 9. Nick (to walk) in the park now. 10. What you (to do) tomorrow? – We (to go) out of town if the weather (not to change) for the worse. You (to come) with us? – With pleasure, if only I (not to have) too much work to do at home. 11. Where you (to go) now? 12. They (to stay) at home tomorrow. 13. Nick (to go) to school every day. 14. If we (to have) TV sets at our supermarket, they (to inform) customers about things in the store.

Вправа 44

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. Look! Mary (to dance). 2. What you (to do) now? I (to see) that you (not to read). 3. Nick (to go) to school tomorrow. 4. If we (to play) music, it (to produce) the right atmosphere. 5. She (to dance) every day. 6. When you (to finish) your homework? It (to be) very late, it (to be) time to go to bed. 7. I (to miss) your excellent cooking! 8. If we (to put) in cameras, they (to stop) people stealing things. 9. She (to dance) tomorrow? 10. How you usually (to spend) evenings? 11. You ever (to buy) presents? 12. If we (to employ) more assistants, they (to help) our customers. 13. He (to go) to the theatre tomorrow. 14. What you (to do) in the country next summer?

Вправа 45

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. You (to think) it (to be) easy or difficult to choose the right presents for people? 2. We (to go) to school in the morning. 3. They (not to drink) tea now. I (to think) they (to watch) TV. 4. What present your mother (to receive) for her next birthday? 5. Look! Kate (to go) to school. 6. What your father (to drink) in the evening? 7. You (to help) your mother tomorrow? 8. When you (to get) up every day? – I (to get) up at seven o’clock. 9. I (not to play) the guitar now. 10. My brother usually (not to get) up at seven o’clock. As a rule, he (to get) up at six o’clock, but tomorrow he (to get) up at seven o’clock. 11. My brother (to play) the guitar every evening. 12. Why she (to come) home so late tomorrow? 13. They (not to take) care of the garden next summer. 14. We (to go) to the country the day after tomorrow.

Вправа 46

Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дiеслова у Present Continuous, Present Simple або Future Simple.

1. You (to like) apples? 2. Our friends always (to go) to the country for the weekend. 3. You (to eat) apples tomorrow? 4. Look! The kitten (to play) with its tail. 5. Nick (to read) a lot of books. 6. Your parents (to watch) TV now? 7. Mother (to work) every day. 8. My sister (not to rest) now. She (to help) mother in the kitchen. She (to help) mother in the kitchen every day. 9. He (not to sleep) now. 10. Your brother (to go) to the exhibition next Sunday? 11. We (not to go) to the zoo tomorrow. 12. I (not to learn) the poem now. 13. She (to live) in San Francisco. 14. My father (to shoot) very well. 15. He is very strong. Look! He (to carry) a very heavy box.

Вправа 47