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2018
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RULE 4.
503.Co-ordinate clauses, when closely related in meaning are separated by commas. The comma should precede the co-ordinate conjunction. For example:
I have not intended to detain you, but the matter required explanation.
RULE 5.
504.The omission of the verb in a sentence or a clause should be indicated by a comma. Sometimes in writing for effect or to give emphasis we omit the verb in the sentence; at other times we omit the verb when the same verb occurs in a series of brief sentences, and its continued use would mean a tiresome repetition. For example:
Reading maketh a full man; conference, a ready man; writing, an exact man.
Here the verb is omitted in the last two clauses and the omission is indicated by the use of the comma.
RULE 6.
505.Short, direct quotations should be preceded by a comma. For example:
Their slogan is, "An injury to one is the concern of all."
Ferrer's last words were, "Long live the modern school."
RULE 7.
506.Separate the figures in large numbers into groups of three figures each by the use of commas. For example:
The population of the United States has now reached 100,000,000.
According to the census of 1900, there are 29,073,233 people engaged in gainful occupations in the United States.
Exercise 1
Supply commas in the following sentences in the proper places:
1. Food clothes and shelter are the fundamental needs of life.
2. We believe in education free from theocracy aristocracy or plutocracy.
3. Man is the master of nature of law of life.
4. We shall struggle rebel arise and claim all being for our own.
5. Sickness and suffering sorrow and despair crime and war are the fruits of poverty.
6. You should seek after knowledge steadily faithfully and perseveringly.
7. The most inspiring powerful and impressive oratory is the voice of the disinherited.
8. Through your united almighty strength order shall become equity law shall become liberty duty shall become love and religion shall become truth.
9. First let us consider the main question.
10. Mr. President I rise to a point of order.
11. We the workers of the world must unite.
12. The class struggle being a fact why should we hesitate to join our class?
13. You have not it seems understood the issue.
14. Of all our needs education is the greatest.
15. Regularly and monotonously the machine whirs to and fro.
16. Before any one can take special training he must have a good knowledge of English.
17. We plead for education universal and free.
18. The first ingredient in conversation is truth the next good sense the third good humor and the fourth wit.
19. The slogan of the People's College is The education of the workers by the workers.
20. According to the last census the enrollment of the schools of the United States is 18521002.
21. There are 4611000 in the first grade and 155000 in the last year of high school.
THE SEMI-COLON
507. The semi-colon indicates a break more complete than that of the comma. The period indicates a complete break in the thought. So the comma indicates a slight break, the semi-colon a greater break in the thought, and the period, the completion of the thought.
RULES FOR THE USE OF THE SEMI-COLON
508. The semi-colon is often used instead of the comma where a longer pause is desired or we wish to indicate a greater break in the thought. For example:
"The wind is chill;
But let it whistle as it will,
We'll keep our Christmas merry still."
509. As a rule we separate by semi-colons those parts of the sentences that are already punctuated by commas. For example:
After considerable delay, he came back to look for his friends; but, though he looked diligently, he could not find them.
510. The semi-colon is used to separate closely connected simple sentences when the conjunction is omitted. The continual repetition of the conjunction would become very tiresome and detract from the forcefulness of our sentences. So instead of continually repeating the conjunction we separate these simple sentences by semi-colons. For example:
Through the industrial revolution, the face of the earth is making over even as to its physical forms; political boundaries are wiped out and moved about as if they were indeed only lines on a paper map; population is hurriedly gathered into cities from the ends of the earth; habits of living are altered with startling abruptness; the search for the truths of nature is infinitely stimulated; and the application of these truths to life is made not only practicable, but commercially necessary.
511. The semi-colon should be used after each item in a series of specific statements. For example:
We quote you the following prices: Grade No. 1, $1.00; Grade No. 2, $2.90; poorer grades not in demand.
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