English Grammar with Kudjo. Part 4. Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых

1 The dogs ***** get into the train again to find Kit.

2 They ***** worry. Kit is clever enough to find the way back home.

3 Anyway, the kitten ***** be left alone on the train.

4 Does everybody ***** return or does Luna alone ***** look for the pet?

5 The dogs have decided they ***** do everything together.

6 Whatever they do, they ***** separate.

7 They got into the train again and suddenly saw the poster: «If you have lost each other on the train, you ***** panic. Use our radio to make an announcement.»

TO HAVE TO

When we talk about past obligations or necessity, we use had to. The dogs had to come back.

Future obligation can be expressed by must or made more precise with will have to.

They will have to get back to the forest as soon as they find the kitten.

The form have to is also used for Perfect Tenses.

They have just had to get into the train again.

They had had to do it very quickly before the train left.

They will have had to return to the forest before dark.

Must has no infinitive, gerund or participle forms. So when necessary, we make this form with have to.

Chilly hates having to waste time.

He never used to have to take care of pets.

Having to look for Kit, the dogs might waste a lot of time.

EXERCISE 2

Complete the questions with the correct form of have to/must and answer them:

1 Is there anything you ***** do for your job or study which you hate?

2 When was the last time you ***** catch a train?

3 Name two things you ***** do every day.

4 What do you hate ***** do?

5 What did you use to ***** do when you were little?

6 What would you ***** do if you were shipwrecked?

7 What will you ***** do to save money for a rainy day?

EXERCISE 3

Complete the sentences using the proper verb and the correct form of must/have to: tell, bark, come back, run, get away, face, pinch, look for

1 The dogs ***** along all the aisles looking for the kitten but couldn’t find him anywhere.

2 Luna was extremely furious because of ***** Kit a dozen times that he ***** from her.

3 ***** the kitten in every corner of this long train, the friends were getting angrier and angrier, more and more exhausted.

4 They had already lost any hope to find the kitten on the train and thought of ***** to that platform when Chilly made a sudden stand.

5 He couldn’t believe his eyes and ***** himself to make sure it was not a hallucination.

6 There was somebody’s sweater on a berth and Kit enjoying such a balmy sleep on it that Chilly ***** loudly to wake him up.

7 When Kit realised what had happened, he got so embarrassed that was ready to do anything to avoid ***** Luna.

SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

Shouldand Ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable. They are very common in spoken English. They have only one form; ought is always followed by the to-infinitive.

Should and Ought to express:

1. Mild obligation, moral or mild/weak duty, responsibility (in this meaning ought to is preferable).

should and ought to are less emphatic than must and have to:

with should the person has some choice on whether or not to act, but with must he has no choice.

Kit should apologise. (= it would be a good thing to do)

Kit must apologise. (= he has no alternative)

2. Advice, desirability, recommendation. (in this meaning should is more common).

We are talking about what is a good thing to do or the right thing to do: Luna thinks Kit should apologise to all the dogs.

3. Should (ought to) have + past participle can mean something that would have been a good idea, but that you didn’t do it. It’s like giving advice about the past when you say it to someone else, or regretting what you did or didn’t do when you’re talking about yourself.

Kit should have stayed with the dogs.

Shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have + past participle means that something wasn’t a good idea, but you did it anyway.