The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume 2 (of 3)

1062

Ch. Wilkes, op. cit. iv. 34.

1063

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 413.

1064

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 417. Compare J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 34.

1065

A. Campbell, op. cit. p. 169. As to the length of Campbell's residence in Wahoo (Oahu), see id., p. 153 note. The date of his residence was 1809-1810. Compare O. von Kotzebue, Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits (London, 1821), iii. 246: "The people are almost subject to the arbitrary will of the lord, but there are no slaves or vassals (glebae adscripti). The peasant and the labourer may go wherever they please. The man is free, he may be killed, but not sold and not detained."

1066

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 141 sq.

1067

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 415.

1068

J. Remy, op. cit. p. 167.

1069

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 413; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 33 sq. Compare J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 137.

1070

In the Hawaiian dialect the ordinary Polynesian T is pronounced K, and the Tongan B is pronounced P. Hence the Tongan taboo becomes in Hawaiian kapoo (kapu). See E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, p. xxiii.

1071

J. Remy, op. cit. pp. 159, 161, 167.

1072

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 385 sqq. Compare L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 597.

1073

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 387.

1074

O. von Kotzebue, Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits (London, 1821), iii. 247.

1075

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 387 sq.

1076

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 389. As to the taboo in Hawaii, see also J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 146 sq.; L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 597; C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 31 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 50-52; J. Remy, op. cit. pp. xxxviii sq., 159 sqq.

1077

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 388.

1078

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 603; O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt, ii. 109 sqq.; W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 30, 126 sqq., 137, 204, 312; C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 31, 32 sq.; Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 378 sq., 397 sq., 442 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 197 sq., 201; J. Remy, op. cit. pp. lxv, 133 sqq.; H. Bingham, Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Hartford, 1849), pp. 69 sqq. King Kamehameha the First died 8th May 1819.

1079

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 142-144.

1080

J. Remy, op. cit. p. xxxix; E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, p. 30, s. v. "Atua."

1081

J. Remy, op. cit. p. xxxix; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 40; H. T. Cheever, Life in the Sandwich Islands (London, 1851), p. 11; A. Bastian, Die heilige Sage der Polynesier (Leipzig, 1881), p. 131; id., Inselgruppen in Oceanien (Berlin, 1883), p. 225; A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, pp. 97 sq.

1082

E. Tregear, op. cit. 425, 461, 464, 540, s. vv. "Rongo," "Tane," "Tangaroa," "Tu."

1083

E. Tregear, op. cit. p. 425, s. v. "Rongo."

1084

E. Tregear, op. cit. pp. 461, 540, s. vv. "Tane," "Tu."

1085

E. Tregear, op. cit. p. 540, s. v. "Tu."

1086

E. Tregear, op. cit. p. 464, s. v. "Tangaroa." According to another account, the evil spirit was not Kanaloa, but Ku; Kanaloa was a younger brother of Kane, and helped him in his beneficent labours. See A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, pp. 97 sq. This latter version agrees with the view of Kane and Kanaloa as divine twins. See below, pp. 394 sq.

1087

A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 97.

1088

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, i. 110 sq.; Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 312 sq.

1089

G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 267 sq.

1090

J. L. Nicholas, Narrative of a Voyage to New Zealand (London, 1817), i. 59. Compare Folk-lore in the Old Testament, i. 9 sq.

1091

E. Tregear, op. cit. p. 461, s. v. "Tane."

1092

A. Bastian, Die heilige Sage der Polynesier, pp. 131, 132.

1093

A. Bastian, op. cit. pp. 132 sq.

1094

A. Bastian, op. cit. p. 133. As to the divine twins in Hawaii, see also id., Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 243.

1095

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 41.

1096

A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 98.

1097

E. Tregear, op. cit. p. 425, s. v. "Rongo."

1098

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 135; O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt (Weimar, 1830), ii. 88 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 41 sq.; H. Bingham, Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Hartford, 1849), p. 32; A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 246.

1099

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 134-136; Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 376; J. Remy, op. cit. pp. 29-37; O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt, ii. 98 sq.

1100

E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, p. 236, s. v. "Maui"; A. Marcuse, Die Haiwaiischen Inseln, p. 98.

1101

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 433; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 26.

1102

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 119.

1103

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 158 sq.

1104

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 157 sq., 159.

1105

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, pp. 269 sq.

1106

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, pp. 271 sq.

1107

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 335 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 71.

1108

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 237, 246-249; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 42 sq.

1109

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 363 sq.; Ch. Wilkes, op. cit. iv. 129.

1110

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 234-236.

1111

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 250.

1112

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 350.

1113

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 59. sq.

1114

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 350.

1115

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 361.

1116

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 275.

1117

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 239.

1118

C. S. Stewart, A Visit to the South Seas (London, 1832), ii. 104.

1119

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 309-311. For other interviews with priestesses of the goddess see id., iv. 275 sq.; C. S. Stewart, Visit to the South Seas, ii. 100-103.

1120

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 378.

1121

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 144.

1122

J. Remy, op. cit. p. 165.

1123

J. Remy, op. cit. pp. 163, 165.

1124

See above, pp. 182 sqq., 200 sqq.

1125

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 594.

1126

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 90; compare id., pp. 129 sq.

1127

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 422 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 45.

1128

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 361.

1129

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 595 sq.

1130

W. Ellis, op. cit. ii. 65.

1131

See above, pp. 92 sqq.

1132

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 48.

1133

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 97.

1134

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 596.

1135

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 293-295. Compare U. Lisiansky, op. cit. pp. 120 sq.; A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, pp. 171 sqq.; C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 202 sq.; Tyerman and Bennett, op. cit. i. 414; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 36 sq., 71 sq.; A. Marcuse, op. cit. pp. 103-105.

1136

A. Marcuse, op. cit. p. 104.

1137

O. von Kotzebue, Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits (London, 1821), i. 313.

1138

W. Ellis, op. cit. i. 365.

1139

A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, pp. 171-173.

1140

J. Cook, Voyages, vi. 183-187. The cloth-covered pyramid or obelisk was called a henananoo (ib. p. 187).

1141

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 5-7.

1142

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 96-98. Compare J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 45 sq.

1143

See above, pp. 278 sqq.

1144

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 5.

1145

O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt, ii. 89 sq.; A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, p. 175.

1146

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 116.

1147

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 117 sq.

1148

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 169.

1149

C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 226 sq.

1150

Ch. Wilkes, op. cit. iv. 99 sq., with the plate.

1151

U. Lisiansky, op. cit. pp. 105-107. He says (p. 106) that the temple was "called by the natives Heavoo, not Morai, as some navigators have said." The word Heavoo is probably identical with the word heiau, which other writers give as the Hawaiian name for a temple. As to the form of the temples see also A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, pp. 175 sq.: "Their Morais, or places of worship, consist of one large house or temple, with some smaller ones round it, in which are the images of their inferior gods. The tabooed or consecrated precincts are marked out by four square posts, which stand thirty or forty yards from the building. In the inside of the principal house there is a screen or curtain of white cloth, hung across one end within which the image of Etooah [atua, akua] is placed." Remy (op. cit. p. xl) describes the Hawaiian temples as "simple enclosures of stones, roofless, where the religious ceremonies were performed."

1152

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 450.

1153

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 92 sq.

1154

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 91.

1155

A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 101.

1156

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 6, 15; compare A. Campbell, op. cit. p. 76.

1157

U. Lisiansky, op. cit. p. 107.

1158

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 212 sq.

1159

J. Remy, op. cit. p. 161.

1160

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 150-152; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 47 sq.; J. Remy, op. cit. pp. xl sq. Compare U. Lisiansky, op. cit. pp. 121 sq.; Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 423 sq.

1161

A. Marcuse, op. cit. p. 103.

1162

W. Ellis, iv. 150 sq.

1163

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 595. Compare U. Lisiansky, Voyage round the World, p. 118. According to the latter writer, there were no taboos (festivals) in the eleventh month.

1164

U. Lisiansky, Voyage round the World, pp. 118 sq. From A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, p. 178, we learn that the festival fell in November, and from a brief native notice we may gather that the New Year celebration was the festival of Macahity. See J. Remy, Histoire de l'Archipel Havaiien, pp. 167, 169, "à la célébration de la nouvelle année, les citoyens, les chefs, les femmes, les enfants se livraient à des boxes furieuses, et plusieurs recevaient dans ces jeux des blessures très graves."

1165

A. Campbell, op. cit. p. 179.

1166

Compare The Golden Bough, Part III. The Dying God, pp. 117 sq.

1167

A. Campbell, op. cit. pp. 178 sq.

1168

O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt, ii. 88 sq.

1169

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 596.

1170

O. von Kotzebue, Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits, iii. 248 sq. Compare A. von Chamisso, Reise um die Welt (Leipzig, 1836), ii. 312.

1171

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, pp. 272 sq.

1172

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 39 note; A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 105.

1173

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 269.

1174

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 359 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 73 sq.

1175

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 73; J. Remy, op. cit. p. xlvii.

1176

Tyerman and Bennet, op. cit. i. 429.

1177

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 360 sq.; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 74; A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inslen, p. 109.

1178

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 129.

1179

H. T. Cheever, Life in the Sandwich Islands (London, 1851), pp. 11 sq., quoting Sheldon Dibble, History of the Sandwich Islands, p. 99.

1180

O. von Kotzebue, Neue Reise um die Welt, ii. 98; A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 261.

1181

A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, pp. 206 sq.

1182

J. Remy, op. cit. p. 153.

1183

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 175 sqq., 181. Compare U. Lisiansky, op. cit. p. 123; A. Campbell, op. cit. pp. 142 sq.; J. Remy, op. cit. p. xlvii.

1184

C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, p. 166; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 65 sq.

1185

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 177, 180 sq.

1186

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 180.

1187

U. Lisiansky, Voyage round the World, pp. 122 sq.

1188

G. Vancouver, Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round the World (London, 1798), ii. 135 sq.; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 96; Tyerman and Bennet, Journal of Voyages and Travels, i. 377 sq.; F. D. Bennett, Narrative of a Whaling Voyage, i. 238 sq.

1189

A. Campbell, Voyage round the World, pp. 142 sq.

1190

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 602.

1191

C. S. Stewart, Residence in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 165 sq.

1192

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 177.

1193

J. J. Jarves, History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, p. 66. Compare J. Remy, op. cit. p. xlvii.

1194

E. W. Smith and A. M. Dale, The Ila-speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia (London, 1920), ii. 113 sq.

1195

J. Cook, Voyages, vii. 145; U. Lisiansky, op. cit. p. 122.

1196

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. pp. 189, 190. Compare J. Remy, op. cit. pp. 125, 127; H. Bingham, Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands, p. 71.

1197

O. von Kotzebue, Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits (London, 1821), iii. 247.

1198

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 164 sq.

1199

J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 191; H. Bingham, Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands, pp. 71 sq.; J. Remy, op. cit. pp. 127, 129.

1200

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 365 sq.

1201

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 594.

1202

W. Ellis, op. cit. iv. 366; J. J. Jarves, op. cit. p. 38; A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 262. Ellis gives Miru as the form of the name, but the correct Hawaiian form is Milu; for in the Hawaiian dialect the ordinary Polynesian R is replaced by L. See E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, p. xxiii. In New Zealand and Mangaia the name Miru was given to the goddess of hell or of the dead. See E. Tregear, op. cit. pp. 243, 244, s. v. "Miru."

1203

E. Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, pp. 243 sq., s. v. "Miru."

1204

H. T. Cheever, Life in the Sandwich Islands (London, 1851), p. 12; A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, pp. 264 sqq.; A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 99.

1205

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 264.

1206

H. T. Cheever, Life in the Sandwich Islands, p. 12; A. Marcuse, Die Hawaiischen Inseln, p. 99.

1207

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, p. 265.

1208

A. Bastian, op. cit. p. 266.

1209

L. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde, Historique, ii. 594.

1210

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 367.

1211

A. Bastian, Inselgruppen in Oceanien, pp. 265 sq.

1212

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 144 sq.

1213

Above, p. 47.

1214

R. Taylor, Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Second Edition (London, 1870), p. 168. Compare J. Dumont d'Urville, Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de la Pérouse, Histoire du Voyage (Paris, 1832-1833), ii. 530.

1215

R. Taylor, op. cit. p. 169.