The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 04 of 12)

607

A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France (Paris and Lyons, 1846), pp. 37 sq. The name Caramantran is thought to be compounded of carême entrant, “Lent entering.” It is said that the effigy of Caramantran is sometimes burnt (E. Cortet, Essai sur les fêtes religieuses, Paris, 1867, p. 107).

608

L. Pineau, Folk-lore du Poitou (Paris, 1892), p. 493.

609

A. Meyrac, Traditions, légendes et contes des Ardennes (Charleville, 1890), p. 63. According to the writer, the custom of burning an effigy of Shrove Tuesday or the Carnival is pretty general in France.

610

Ch. Beauquier, Les Mois en Franche-Comté (Paris, 1900), p. 30. In Beauce and Perche the burning or burial of Shrove Tuesday used to be represented in effigy, but the custom has now disappeared. See F. Chapiseau, Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche (Paris, 1902), i. 320 sq.

611

J. Lecœur, Esquisses du Bocage Normand (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. 148-150.

612

Madame Octave Feuillet, Quelques années de ma vie5 (Paris, 1895), pp. 59-61.

613

P. Sébillot, Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne (Paris, 1886), pp. 227 sq.

614

A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes et traditions des Provinces de France, p. 206.

615

P. Sébillot, Le Folk-lore de France, ii. (Paris, 1905) p. 170.

616

P. Sébillot, l. c.

617

J. L. M. Nogues, Les Mœurs d'autrefois en Saintonge et en Aunis (Saintes, 1891), p. 60. As to the trial and condemnation of the Carnival on Ash Wednesday in France, see further Bérenger-Féraud, Superstitions et survivances, iv. 52 sq.

618

T. F. Thiselton Dyer, British Popular Customs (London, 1876), p. 93.

619

See above, p. 209.

620

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 371.

621

J. Haltrich, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Vienna, 1885), pp. 284 sq.

622

K. von Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain, pp. 162 sqq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 411.

623

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 374; compare A. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. pp. 54 sq., § 71.

624

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 372.

625

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 373.

626

E. Meier, op. cit. pp. 373, 374.

627

A. Kuhn, Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen (Leipsic, 1859), ii. p. 130, § 393.

628

Folk-lore, vi. (1895) p. 206.

629

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. 353.

630

E. Meier, op. cit. p. 374.

631

H. Pröhle, Harzbilder (Leipsic, 1855), p. 54.

632

Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iii. 958.

633

J. Boemus, Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus (Paris, 1538), p. 83.

634

Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iii. 958.

635

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 639 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 412.

636

Sepp, Die Religion der alten Deutschen (Munich, 1876), p. 67.

637

Fr. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), p. 283.

638

Aug. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen (Vienna, 1878), p. 193.

639

A. Witzschel, op. cit. p. 199; J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande (Leipsic, 1867), pp. 171 sq.

640

Fr. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), p. 283 note, quoting J. K. Zeumer, Laetare vulgo Todten Sonntag (Jena, 1701), pp. 20 sqq.; J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 640 sq. The words of the song are given as “So treiben wir den todten auss,” but this must be a mistake for “So treiben wir den Tod hinaus,” as the line is given by P. Drechsler (Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 66). In the passage quoted the effigy is spoken of as “mortis larva.”

641

Zacharias Schneider, Leipziger Chronik, iv. 143, cited by K. Schwenk, Die Mythologie der Slaven (Frankfort, 1853), pp. 217 sq., and Fr. Kauffmann, Balder, pp. 284 sq.

642

P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 65-71. Compare A. Peter, Volksthümliches aus Österreichisch-Schlesien (Troppau, 1865-1867), ii. 281 sq.

643

F. Tetzner, “Die Tschechen und Mährer in Schlesien,” Globus, lxxviii. (1900) p. 340.

644

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 642.

645

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, pp. 90 sq.

646

Ibid. p. 91.

647

W. Müller, Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren (Vienna and Olmütz, 1893), pp. 353-355.

648

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz (Leipsic, 1862-1863), ii. 55; P. Drechsler, Sitte, Branch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 70 sq.

649

J. Grimm, op. cit. ii. 640, 643; P. Drechsler, op. cit. i. 70. See also above, p. 236.

650

Th. Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich (Vienna, 1859), pp. 294 sq.; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 90.

651

See above, p. 236.

652

See above, pp. 234, 235, 236, 237.

653

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr (Leipsic, 1863), p. 80.

654

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People (London, 1872), p. 211.

655

Ibid. p. 210.

656

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, "Italische Mythen," Rheinisches Museum, N.F., xxx. (1875) pp. 191 sq.

657

G. Pitrè, Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane (Palermo, 1881), pp. 207 sq., id., Usi e costumi, credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, i. 107 sq.

658

Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, iv. (1885) pp. 294 sq.

659

H. Usener, op. cit. p. 193.

660

Vincenzo Dorsa, La Tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria citeriore (Cosenza, 1884), pp. 43 sq.

661

E. Martinengo-Cesaresco, in The Academy, No. 671, March 14, 1885, p. 188.

662

Laisnel de la Salle, Croyances et légendes du centre de la France (Paris, 1875), i. 43 sq.

663

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 652; H. Usener, “Italische Mythen,” Rheinisches Museum, N.F., xxx. (1875) pp. 191 sq.

664

E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen Volksbrauch,” Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde, xi. (1903) p. 239.

665

H. von Wlislocki, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner (Münster i. W., 1891), pp. 145 sq.

666

E. Cortet, Essai sur les fêtes religieuses (Paris, 1867), pp. 107 sq.; Laisnel de la Salle, Croyances et légendes du centre de la France, i. 45 sq. A similar custom appears to be observed in Minorca. See Globus, lix. (1891) pp. 279, 280.

667

A. de Nino, Usi e costumi abruzzesi, ii. 203-205 (Florence, 1881); G. Finamore, Credenze, usi e costumi abruzzesi (Palermo, 1890), pp. 112, 114.

668

G. Amalfi, Tradizioni ed usi nella Penisola Sorrentina (Palermo, 1890), p. 41.

669

Lucy E. Broadwood, in Folk-lore, iv. (1893) p. 390.

670

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, pp. 89 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 156. This custom has been already referred to. See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 73 sq.

671

P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 71 sqq.; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr, p. 82; Philo vom Walde, Schlesien in Sage und Brauch (Berlin, n. d., preface dated 1883), p. 122.

672

A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, pp. 192 sq.; compare pp. 297 sqq.

673

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 643 sq.; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz, ii. 54 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 412 sq.; W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 211.

674

J. Grimm, op. cit. ii. 644; K. Haupt, op. cit. ii. 55.

675

J. K. Schuller, Das Todaustragen und der Muorlef, ein Beitrag zur Kunde sächsischer Sitte und Sage in Siebenbürgen (Hermannstadt, 1861), pp. 4 sq. The description of this ceremony by Miss E. Gerard (The Land beyond the Forest, ii. 47-49) is plainly borrowed from Mr. Schuller's little work.

676

W. Müller, Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren (Vienna and Olmütz, 1893), pp. 258 sq.

677

P. 247.

678

This is also the view taken of the custom by W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 419.

679

Th. Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich, pp. 293 sq.

680

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Das festliche Jahr, p. 82.

681

Philo vom Walde, Schlesien in Sage und Brauch, p. 122; P. Drechsler, Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in Schlesien, i. 74.

682

See above, p. 236.

683

See above, pp. 239 sq.

684

See above, p. 236.

685

Above, p. 246.

686

Above, p. 246.

687

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 73 sqq.

688

Above, p. 246, and J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, pp. 87 sq.

689

Above, p. 246.

690

See above, pp. 250 sq.

691

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 45 sqq.

692

Above, pp. 234, 235, 240, 248, 250; and J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 643.

693

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 88. Sometimes the effigy of Death (without a tree) is carried round by boys who collect gratuities (J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644).

694

Above, p. 208.

695

Above, p. 231.

696

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten, p. 353; Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” in Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vii. Heft 2, pp. 10 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 407 sq.

697

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 417-421.

698

Olaus Magnus, De gentium septentrionalium variis conditionibus, xv. 8 sq. In Le Temps, No. 15,669, May 11, 1902, p. 2, there is a description of this ceremony as it used to be performed in Stockholm. The description seems to be borrowed from Olaus Magnus.

699

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 637-639; Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, iv. 2, pp. 357 sq. See also E. Krause, “Das Sommertags-Fest in Heidelberg,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, 1895, p. (145); A. Dieterich, “Sommertag,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1905) Beiheft, pp. 82 sqq.

700

Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, i. 369 sq.

701

Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern, ii. 259 sq.; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. pp. 253-256; K. von Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain, pp. 167 sq. A dialogue in verse between representatives of Winter and Summer is spoken at Hartlieb in Silesia, near Breslau. See Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, iii. (1893) pp. 226-228.

702

Th. Vernaleken, Mythen und Bräuche des Völkes in Österreich, pp. 297 sq.

703

R. Andree, Braunschweiger Volkskunde (Brunswick, 1896), p. 250.

704

W. Müller, Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren, pp. 430-436.

705

W. Müller, op. cit. p. 259.

706

J. Train, Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man (Douglas, Isle of Man, 1845), ii. 118-120. It has been suggested that the name Maceboard may be a corruption of May-sports.

707

Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1888), p. 605. The account of this custom given by Captain J. S. Mutch is as follows: “The people take a long rope, the ends of which are tied together. They arrange themselves so that those born during the summer stand close to the water, and those born in the winter stand inland; and then they pull at the rope to see whether summer or winter is the stronger. If winter should win, there will be plenty of food; if summer should win, there will be a bad winter.” See Fr. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, xv. (1901) pp. 140 sq. At Memphis in Egypt there were two statues in front of the temple of Hephaestus (Ptah), of which the more northern was popularly called Summer and the more southern Winter. The people worshipped the image of Summer and execrated the image of Winter. It has been suggested that the two statues represented Osiris and Typhon, the good and the bad god. See Herodotus, ii. 121, with the notes of Bähr and Wiedemann.

708

Relations des Jésuites, 1636, p. 38 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

709

H. Herzog, Schweizerische Volksfeste, Sitten und Gebräuche (Aurau, 1884), pp. 164-166; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 498 sq.

710

Letter to me of Dr. J. S. Black, dated Lauriston Cottage, Wimbledon Common, 28th May, 1903. In a subsequent letter (dated 9th June, 1903) Dr. Black enclosed some bibliographical references to the custom which were kindly furnished to him by Professor P. Schmiedel of Zurich, who speaks of the effigy as a representative of Winter. It is not expressly so called by H. Herzog and W. Mannhardt. See the preceding note.

711

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 221.

712

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 241.

713

W. R. S. Ralston, op. cit. pp. 243 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 414.

714

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, pp. 414 sq.; W. R. S. Ralston, op. cit. p. 244.

715

W. R. S. Ralston, op. cit. p. 245; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 416.

716

W. Mannhardt, l. c.; W. R. S. Ralston, l. c.

717

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 644.

718

J. G. von Hahn, Albanesische Studien (Jena, 1854), i. 160.

719

R. C. Temple, in Indian Antiquary, xi. (1882) pp. 297 sq.

720

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 84 sqq.

721

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 45 sqq.

722

When the Kurnai of Victoria saw the Aurora Australis, which corresponds to the Northern Streamers of Europe, they exchanged wives for the day and swung the severed hand of a dead man towards it, shouting, “Send it away! do not let it burn us up!” See A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 189; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 276 sq., 430.

723

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 242 sq.

724

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 4 sq., 170.

725

Spencer and Gillen, op. cit. p. 170. For a description of some of these ceremonies see The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 85 sqq.

726

Lord Avebury, Origin of Civilisation,5 pp. 378 sq.; compare id., Prehistoric Times,5 p. 561.

727

De Guignes, Voyages à Peking, Manille et l'Île de France, iii. (Paris, 1808) pp. 114 sq.

728

Above, pp. 156 sq.

729

B. F. Matthes, Einige Eigenthumlichkeiten in den Festen und Gewohnheiten der Makassaren und Buginesen (Leyden, 1884), p. 1; id., “Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Derde Reeks, Tweede Deel (Amsterdam, 1885), pp. 169 sq.

730

H. A. Oldfield, Sketches from Nipal (London, 1880), ii. 351.

731

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 194 sq.

732

Ch. Brooke, Ten Years in Sarawak, ii. 226 sq.

733

J. S. G. Gramberg, “De Troeboekvisscherij,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxiv. (1887) pp. 314 sq.

734

E. Petitot, Monographie des Dènè-Dindjiè (Paris, 1876), p. 38. The same ceremony is performed, oddly enough, to procure the death of an enemy.

735

Hamilton's “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, viii. 360 sq. In general we are merely told that these Indian devotees swing on hooks in fulfilment of a vow or to obtain some favour of a deity. See Duarte Barbosa, Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, translated by the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, London, 1866), pp. 95 sq.; Gaspar Balbi's “Voyage to Pegu,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 398; Sonnerat, Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine, i. 244; S. Mateer, The Land of Charity, p. 220; W. W. Hunter, Annals of Rural Bengal,5 p. 463; North Indian Notes and Queries, i. p. 76, § 511.

736

V. Ball, Jungle Life in India (London, 1880), p. 232.

737

W. W. Hunter, Annals of Rural Bengal5 (London, 1872), p. 463.

738

G. W. Leitner, The Languages and Races of Dardistan (Lahore, 1878), p. 12.

739

Sarat Chandra Mitra, “Notes on two Behari Pastimes,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, iii. 95 sq.

740

H. H. Wilson, “The Religious Festivals of the Hindus,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, ix. (1848) p. 98. Compare E. T. Dalton, Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 314; Monier Williams, Religious Life and Thought in India, p. 137; W. Crooke, “The Legends of Krishna,” Folk-lore, xi. (1900) pp. 21 sqq.

741

The Hymns of the Rigveda, vii. 87. 5 (vol. iii. p. 108 of R. T. H. Griffith's translation, Benares, 1891); H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, pp. 444 sq.

742

J. G. Kohl, Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen (Dresden and Leipsic, 1841), ii. 268 sqq.

743

L. v. Schroeder, “Lihgo (Refrain der lettischen Sonnwendlieder),” Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxii. (1902) pp. 1-11.

744

S. W. Tromp, “Uit de Salasila van Koetei,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxvii. (1888) pp. 87-89.

745

J. Perham, “Manangism in Borneo,” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 19 (Singapore, 1887), pp. 97 sq.; E. H. Gomes, Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo (London, 1911), pp. 169, 170, 171; H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 279.

746

C. Bock, The Head-hunters of Borneo (London, 1881), pp. 110-112.

747

Hyginus, Astronomica, ii. 4, pp. 34 sqq., ed. Bunte; id., Fabulae, 130; Servius and Probus on Virgil, Georg. ii. 389; Festus, s. v. “Oscillantes,” p. 194, ed. C. O. Müller; Athenaeus, xiv. 10, p. 618 e f; Pollux, iv. 55; Hesychius, s. vv. Ἀλῆτις and Αἰώρα; Etymologicum magnum, s. v. Αἰώρα, p. 42. 3; Schol. on Homer, Iliad, xxii. 29. The story of the murder of Icarius is told by a scholiast on Lucian (Dial. meretr. vii. 4) to explain the origin of a different festival (Rheinisches Museum, N.F., xxv. (1870) pp. 557 sqq.; Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe, p. 280). As to the swinging festival at Athens see O. Jahn, Archäologische Beiträge, pp. 324 sq.; Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, s. v. “Aiora”; Miss J. E. Harrison, in Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, by Mrs. Verrall and Miss J. E. Harrison, pp. xxxix. sqq.

748

Servius on Virgil, Aen. xii. 603: “Et Varro ait: Suspendiosis quibus iusta fieri ius non sit, suspensis oscillis veluti per imitationem mortis parentari.”

749