The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (Vol. 1 of 2)

682

Valerius Flaccus, Argonaut, i. 378 sq.: —

“Tectus et Eurytion servato colla capillo,Quem pater Aonias reducem tondebit ad aras.”

683

Homer, Iliad, xxiii. 141 sqq.

684

D. Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean, ii. 120.

685

Paulus Diaconus, Hist. Langobard. iii. 7.

686

Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iv. 387.

687

Numbers vi. 5.

688

J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, etc. im Voigtlande, p. 424; W. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties, p. 16 sq.; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 258; Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 Nos. 46, 72; J. W. Wolf, Beitrage zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 208 (No. 45), 209 (No. 53); Knoop, Volkssagen, Erzählungen, etc. aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern, p. 157 (No. 23); E. Veckenstedt, Wendische Sagen, Märchen und abergläubische Gebräuche, p. 445; J. Haltrieh, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen, p. 313; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren u. sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. 84.

689

Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. No. 1092.

690

G. Gibbs, “Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian America,” in Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1866, p. 305; W. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 202. The reason alleged by the Indians (that if the girls' nails were cut sooner the girls would be lazy and unable to embroider in porcupine quill-work) is probably a late invention, like the reasons assigned in Europe for the similar custom (the commonest being that the child would become a thief).

691

Knoop, l. c.

692

Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 209 (No. 57).

693

R. Taylor, New Zealand and its Inhabitants, p. 206 sqq.

694

Richard A. Cruise, Journal of a Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand, p. 283 sq. Cp. Dumont D'Urville, Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse. Histoire du Voyage (Paris, 1832), ii. 533.

695

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 108 sqq.; Taylor, l. c.

696

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 226 sq.

697

See above, p. 111.

698

Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 468 sq.

699

D. Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean, ii. 188.

700

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 36.

701

A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xvi. 27. Cp. E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xiii. 293; James Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 178; James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea, p. 187; J. S. Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, i. 282; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 270; Langsdorff, Reise um die Welt, i. 134 sq. A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand, i. 79, 116 sq.; Ellis, Polynesian Researches, i. 364; Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 No. 178.

702

Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 509; Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 258; J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch etc. im Voigtlande, p. 425; A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 282; Zingerle, op. cit. No. 180; Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 224 (No. 273).

703

Zingerle, op. cit. No. 181.

704

Zingerle, op. cit. Nos. 176, 179.

705

A. Krause, Die Tlinkit-Indianer. (Jena, 1885), p. 300.

706

Petronius, Sat. 104.

707

Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 231 sq.; id., Ein Besuch in San Salvador, p. 117.

708

W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” in Transact. Ethnolog. Soc. of London, i. 300.

709

François Pyrard, Voyages to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil. Translated by Albert Gray (Hakluyt Society, 1887), i. 110 sq.

710

Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 110.

711

Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, i. 38 sq.

712

James Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean, p. 355.

713

Aulus Gellius, x. 15, 15.

714

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvi. 235; Festus, s. v. capillatam vel capillarem arborem.

715

Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,2 § 464.

716

W. Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen, p. 630.

717

W. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties, p. 17.

718

Riedel, De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 74.

719

Riedel, op. cit. p. 265.

720

G. Heijmering “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” in Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indie (1843), dl. ii. 634-637.

721

W. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 54; F. Whymper, “The Natives of the Youkon River,” in Transact. Ethnolog. Soc. of London, vii. 174.

722

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 509.

723

W. Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen, p. 630.

724

H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives, p. 54.

725

Fargaard, xvii.

726

Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg (Oxford, 1886), vol. i. p. 57.

727

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Madi or Moru tribe of Central Africa,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xii. (1882-84) p. 332.

728

A. Steedman, Wanderings and Adventures in the Interior of Southern Africa (London, 1835), i. 266.

729

Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 74.

730

J. L. Wilson, West Afrika, p. 159 (German trans.)

731

N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” in Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 322.

732

Garcilasso de la Vega, First part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, bk. ii. ch. 7 (vol. i. p. 127, Markham's translation).

733

Mélusine, 1878, c. 583 sq.

734

The People of Turkey, by a Consul's daughter and wife, ii. 250.

735

Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, p. 139; F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten, p. 491.

736

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For tribe of Central Africa,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xiii. (1884-86) p. 230.

737

Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 Nos. 176, 580; Mélusine, 1878, c. 79.

738

Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. i. 197; J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 36.

739

David Livingstone, Narrative of Expedition to the Zambesi, p. 46 sq.

740

Zingerle, op. cit. Nos. 177, 179, 180.

741

M. Jahn, Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern, p. 15; Mélusine, 1878, c. 79.

742

E. H. Meyer, Indogermanische Mythen, ii. Achilleis (Berlin, 1887), p. 523.

743

Above, p. 201.

744

Above, pp. 167, 169 sqq.

745

W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. ii. 268.

746

See G. A. Wilken, Ueber das Haaropfer und einige andere Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesiens, p. 94 sqq.; H. Ploss, Das Kind in Branch und Sitte der Völker2 i. 289 sqq.

747

Above, p. 194.

748

Above, p. 157 sq.

749

Monier Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India, p. 375.

750

Above, p. 117.

751

Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, ii. 170. The blood may be drunk by them as a medium of inspiration. See above, p. 34 sq.

See above, p. 16.

752

Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 336.

753

T. J. Hutchinson, Impressions of Western Africa (London, 1858), p. 198.

754

G. Watt (quoting Col. W. J. M'Culloch), “The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur,” in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. xvi. 360.

755

Meiners, Geschichte der Religionen, i. 48.

756

R. I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 112.

757

Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die relig. Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” in Mittheilungen d. Wiener Geogr. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 198.

758

Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi, pp. 56, 69.

759

Diodorus, iii. 61; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7, 112; Minucius Felix, Octavius, 21.

760

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 35; Philochorus, Fragm. 22, in Müller's Fragm. Hist. Graec. i. p. 387.

761

Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 16.

762

Philochorus, Fr. 184, in Fragm. Hist. Graec. ii. p. 414.

763

Lobeck, Aglaophamus, p. 574 sq.

764

See above, p. 121 sqq.

765

Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 163.

766

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition (London, 1845), iii. 96.

767

U. S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology, by H. Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. Cp. Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians, i. 183; J. E. Erskine, Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific, p. 248.

768

Turner, Samoa, p. 335.

769

Martin Flad, A Short Description of the Falasha and Kamants in Abyssinia, p. 19.

770

J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l'Ethiopie Occidentale, i. 260 sq.; W. Winwood Reade, Savage Africa, p. 362.

771

Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, xvii. 2, 3.

772

Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 91.

773

P. Guillemé, “Credenze religiose dei Negri di Kibanga nell' Alto Congo,” in Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari, vii. (1888) p. 231.

774

Nathaniel Isaacs, Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa, i. p. 295 sq., cp. pp. 232, 290 sq.

775

Above, p. 45 sq.

776

Dos Santos, “History of Eastern Ethiopia” (published at Paris in 1684), in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 684.

777

Plutarch, Agesilaus, 3.

778

Herodotus, iii. 20; Aristotle, Politics, iv. 4, 4; Athenaeus, xiii. p. 566. According to Nicolaus Damascenus (Fr. 142, in Fragm. Historic. Graecor. ed. C. Müller, iii. p. 463), the handsomest and bravest man was only raised to the throne when the king had no heirs, the heirs being the sons of his sisters. But this limitation is not mentioned by the other authorities. Among the Gordioi the fattest man was chosen king; among the Syrakoi, the tallest, or the man with the longest head. Zenobius, v. 25.

779

G. Nachtigal, Saharâ und Sûdân (Leipzig, 1889), iii. 225; Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 220.

780

Strabo, xvii. 2, 3; Diodorus, iii. 7.

781

Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, Voyage au Darfour (Paris, 1845), p. 162 sq.; Travels of an Arab Merchant in Soudan, abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), p. 78; Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris) IVme Série, iv. (1852) p. 539 sq.

782

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xiii. (1884-1886) p. 711.

783

Narrative of events in Borneo and Celebes, from the Journals of James Brooke, Esq., Rajah of Sarawak. By Captain R. Mundy, i. 134.

784

Simon Grunau, Preussische Chronik, herausgegeben von Dr. M. Perlbach (Leipzig, 1876), i. p. 97.

785

Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 172 sq.

786

Alex. Hamilton, “A new Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, viii. 374.

787

Athenaeus, xiv. p. 639 c; Dio Chrysostom, Orat. iv. p. 69 sq. (vol. i. p. 76, ed. Dindorf). Dio Chrysostom does not mention his authority, but it was probably either Berosus or Ctesias. Though the execution of the mock king is not mentioned in the passage of Berosus cited by Athenaeus, the omission is probably due to the fact that the mention of it was not germane to Athenaeus's purpose, which was simply to give a list of festivals at which masters waited on their servants. That the ζωγάνης was put to death is further shown by Macrobius, Sat. iii. 7, 6, “Animas vero sacratorum hominum quos † zanas Graeci vocant, dis debitas aestimabant,” where for zanas we should probably read ζωγάνας with Liebrecht, in Philologus, xxii. 710, and Bachofen, Die Sage von Tanaquil, p. 52, note 16. The custom, so far as appears from our authorities, does not date from before the Persian domination in Babylon; but probably it was much older. In the passage of Dio Chrysostom ἐκρέμασαν should be translated “crucified” (or “impaled”), not “hung.” It is strange that this, the regular, sense of κρεμάννυμι, as applied to executions, should not be noticed even in the latest edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon. Hanging, though a mode of suicide, was not a mode of execution in antiquity either in the east or west. In one of the passages cited by L. and S. for the sense “to hang” (Plutarch, Caes. 2), the context proves that the meaning is “to crucify.”

788

E. Aymonier, Notice sur le Cambodge, p. 61; J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 327 sq. For the connection of the temporary king's family with the royal house, see Aymonier, op. cit. p. 36 sq.

789

Pallegoix, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam, i. 250; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 305-309, 526-528; Turpin, History of Siam, in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 581 sq. Bowring (Siam, i. 158 sq.) copies, as usual, from Pallegoix.

790

Lieut. Col. James Low, “On the Laws of Muung Thai or Siam,” in Journal of the Indian Archipelago, i. (Singapore, 1847) p. 339; Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 98, 314, 526 sq.

791

C. B. Klunzinger, Bilder aus Ober-ägypten, der Wüste und dem Rothen Meere, p. 180 sq.

792

J. W. Boers, “Oud volksgebruik in het Rijk van Jambi,” in Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's Indië, iii. (1840), dl. i. 372 sqq.

793

Panjab Notes and Queries, i. 674.

794

Aeneas Sylvius, Opera (Bâle, 1571), p. 409 sq.; Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, p. 253. According to Grimm (who does not refer to Aeneas Sylvius) the cow and mare stood beside the prince, not the peasant.

795

Lasicius, “De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,” in Respublica sive Status Regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae, etc. (Elzevir, 1627), p. 306 sq.; id. edited by W. Mannhardt in Magazin herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen Gesellschaft, xiv. 91 sq.

796

Macrobius, Saturn. v. 19, 13.

797

See above, p. 172 sqq.

798

Philo of Byblus, quoted by Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. i. 10, 29 sq.

799

2 Kings iii. 27.

800

Porphyry, De abstin. ii. 56.

801

Diodorus, xx. 14.

802

Porphyry, De abstin. ii. 54.

803

Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 311.

804

Strachey, Historie of travaille into Virginia Britannia (Hakluyt Society), p. 84.

805

J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa, p. 69 sq. Dr. Krapf, who reports the custom at second hand, thinks that the existence of the pillar may be doubted, but that the rest of the story harmonises well enough with African superstition.

806

F. J. Mone, Geschichte des Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa, i. 119.

807

Above, p. 42 sqq.

808

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. 85; Rosenberg, Der Malayische Archipel, p. 160; Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,” in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. 142 sq.; Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” in Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift, xi. 445.

809

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition (London, 1845), iv. 453; U. S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology, by H. Hale, p. 203.

810

D. G. Brinton, Myths of the New World, p. 270 sq.

811

Servius on Virgil, Aen. iv. 685; Cicero, In Verr. ii. 5, 45; K. F. Hermann, Griech. Privatalterthümer, ed. Blumner, p. 362 note 1.

812

Harland and Wilkinson, Lancashire Folk-lore, p. 7 sq.

813

Fr. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 235 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 320 sq.

814

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, pp. 409-419; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 349 sq.

815

E. Sommer, Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen, p. 154 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 335 sq.

816

W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 336.

817

Reinsberg – Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 61; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 336 sq.

818

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 263; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 343.

819

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 269 sq.

820

See above, p. 92 sq.

821

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 264 sq.; W. Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 353 sq.

822

See pp. 243, 246.

823

See p. 15 sqq.

824

See p. 243.

825

Above, p. 4.

826

Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, iii.2 323 sq.

827

See above, p. 6.

828

Caesar, Bell. Gall. vi. 16; Adam of Bremen, Descript. Insul. Aquil. c. 27; Olaus Magnus, iii. 6; Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 i. 35 sqq.; Mone, Geschichte des nordischen Heidenthums, i. 69, 119, 120, 149, 187 sq.

829

J. G. Bourke, Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona, p. 196 sq.

830

Euripides, Iphig. in Taur. 1458 sqq.

831

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. 43.

832

J. A. Dubois, Moeurs, Institutions et Cérémonies des Peuples de l'Inde, i. 151 sq.

833

“The Rudhirádhyáyă, or sanguinary chapter,” translated from the Calica Puran by W. C. Blaquiere, in Asiatick Researches, v. 376 (8vo. ed. London, 1807).

834

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 281.

835

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 258 sq.

836

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 645; K. Haupt, Sagenbuch der Lausitz, ii. 58; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen, p. 86 sq.; id., Das festliche Jahr, p. 77 sq. The Fourth Sunday in Lent is also known as Mid-Lent, because it falls in the middle of Lent, or as Laetare from the first word of the liturgy for the day. In the Roman Calendar it is the Sunday of the Rose, Domenica rosae.

837

See p. 244.

838

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebraüche aus Schwaben, p. 371.

839

J. Haltrich, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen (Wien, 1885), p. 284 sq.

840

Leoprechting, Aus dem Lechrain, p. 162 sqq.; Mannhardt, Baumkultus, p. 411.