The History of Antiquity, Vol. 1 (of 6)

446

Gen. xxv. 1-11; xxvi. 34; xxxvi. 11.

447

Birch, "The Annals of Tutmes III.;" "Archæolog." vol. xlv.

448

Papyrus Harris in Chabas, "Recherches sur la Dynastie 19," p. 59.

449

Movers, "Phœnizier," 2, 3, 302.

450

Strabo, p. 756; Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 12, 32.

451

Isaiah xxi. 13, 14.

452

Movers, "Phœnizier," 2, 3, 293.

453

Isaiah lx. 6.

454

Herod. 3, 97.

455

1 Kings xxii. 49; 2, xiv. 7, 22; 2 Chronicles xvii.; 2, xxvi. 6, 7. Under Ahaz, the grandson of Uzziah, Elath was again lost. – 2 Kings xvi. 6.

456

Caussin de Percival, "Histoire des Arabes," 1, 16, 17; Wellsted, "Reisen in Arabien, von E. Rödiger," 1, 307.

457

Prideaux, "Trans. Bibl. Arch." 2, 19.

458

D. H. Müller, "Zeit. d. d. M. Gesellschaft," 1876, s. 522 ff.

459

Osiander in the "Zeit. d. d. M. Gesellschaft," 10, 17-73; Praetorius, loc. cit. 26, 417 ff; Gildemeister and Levy, loc. cit. 24, 188.

460

Genesis xxv. 1-6.

461

Genesis xxxvi. 12-16.

462

The table in Genesis x. 7, places Ramah, Shebah, Dedan, Havilah, among the sons of Cush, but in the genealogy of the Arabs (c. xxv.) Shebah and Dedan are given to Joktan and Midian.

463

Nöldeke. "Ueber die Amalekiter," s. 23 ff.

464

Caussin, "Histoire des Arabes," 1, 49, arrives at the year 794 for the birth of J'arab, by allotting thirty-three years to each generation. Wüstenfeld, in his genealogical tables, gives from thirty to thirty-four generations between Kachtan and Mohammed, and thus, though he allows forty years for each generation, cannot reach beyond the year 700 B.C. for Kachtan.

465

Osiander, in "Zeitschr. d. d. Morgen. Gesellschaft," 10, 27.

466

Caussin, "Histoire des Arabes," 1, 49-60; Prideaux, "Trans. Bibl. Arch." 2, 10.

467

Caussin, "Hist. des Arabes," 1, 166 ff. Wüstenfeld ("Genealogische Tabellen") reaches higher, because, as already remarked, he allows forty years for a generation.

468

Krehl, "Religion der Araber," s. 41, 30; Lenormant, "Lett. Assyr." 2, 10.

469

Osiander, "Zeitschr. d. d. M. G." 7, 474; 10, 63; 11, 472; Lenormant, loc. cit. 279; Caussin, loc. cit. 1, 113; Prideaux, "Trans. Bibl. Arch." 2, 18.

470

Krehl, "Religion der Araber," 8, 24; Osiander, "Zeitschr. d. d. M. G." 7, 473 ff.

471

Osiander, loc. cit. 7, 487. On a stone image we find a cow and a calf with the inscription "Uzza."

472

Krehl, "Religion der Araber," s. 73, 78. On the seven black stones of the planets at Erech. – "W. A. J." 2, 50. On the stones of the Kaabah, Lenormant, "Lettres Assyr." 2, 120 ff.; Caussin, "Hist. des Arabes," 1, 165, 176 ff.

473

Strabo, p. 784; Suid. Θεὸς Ἄρης; Steph. Byz. Δουσαρή.

474

Krehl, loc. cit. s. 49. See ibid. on the worship of Alful, Sahd, and Sahid.

475

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 330 ff.

476

Nöldeke, "Inschrift. des Mesa," s. 6. The amalgamation of Astarte with Camus, like the amalgamation with Melkarth among the Phenicians presupposes the separate worship of the goddess. – G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," p. 283.

477

Strabo, p. 756. "It is true that the whole land from Seleucis to Egypt and Arabia is also called Hollow Syria, but strictly speaking the name is given only to the land between Libanus and Antilibanus."

478

Strabo, p. 763.

479

Genesis xxxi. 20-24; Strabo, pp. 627, 784.

480

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 396.

481

Tacit. "Histor." 5, 6.

482

Ebers, "Ægypten und die Bücher Mose's," s. 131 ff.

483

De Rougé, "Annales de Toutmes;" cf. supra p. 136.

484

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 80, 92.

485

Genesis x. 15-19.

486

Isaiah xxiii. 3; Justin, 18, 3.

487

Herod. 2, 34; Lucian, "De dea Syria," 2, 3.

488

Judges i. 10; Joshua xiv. 12, 15; xv. 13, 14; Numbers xiii. 23.

489

Ebers, "Ægypten," s. 188.

490

Genesis xv. 16; xxxiv. 2; Joshua iii. 10; xi. 3; Jud. iii. 3.

491

Above, p. 127; Gen. x. 13, 14; Amos ix. 7; Deut. ii. 23; Jeremiah xlvii. 4; Stark, "Gaza," s. 104 ff. Ebers explains Kaphtor by Kaft-ur, i. e. Great Kaft, Great Phenicia. To Ai-Kaphtor the Egyptian Aa-Kaft, i. e. island and coast land, curved coast land would correspond. – "Ægypten," s. 131 ff.

492

Stark, "Gaza," s. 132-136, 318 ff.

493

Deut. i. 7, 20, 44; Joshua x. 5, 6; xi. 3. The Jebusites who possessed the Jerusalem of later times were a tribe of the Amorites. They and their king are expressly mentioned as Amorites.

494

In the book of Joshua, as well as in the prophet Amos, it is the Amorites whom the Hebrews have to contend against, mingled with scanty remnants of the Hittites and Hivites. Besides this, the advance of the Amorites against the Moabites is sufficiently proved (vide Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), and the migration of the Hittites by their settlement in Cyprus.

495

Joshua ix. 7, 10.

496

Joshua i. 4; Schrader, "Keilsch. und Alt. Test," s. 30.

497

In Strabo, p. 756.

498

Philo. Frag. 1. ed. Müller.

499

Philon. frag. 1, 6, 7, ed. Müller.

500

Loc. cit. 2, 1-4, ed. Müller; cf. Bunsen, "Ægypten," 5, 1, 257 ff.

501

Such is obviously the meaning of this passage. – Baudissin, "Abh. z. semit. Relig." s. 14.

502

Fragm. 2, 4, 5, ed. Müller.

503

Pausan. 5, 7, 10.

504

"Hist. Nat." 36, 65.

505

Athar-ath, i. e. Astarte-Athe; Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 431. Diod. 2, 4, 30. 2 Maccab. xi. 26.

506

Herod. 1, 105. Pausan. 1, 14, 7.

507

Lucian, "De Dea Syria," c. 16. The cutting off of the hair which Lucian mentions is also a vicarious custom.

508

Justin. 18, 3.

509

Movers, "Phœniz." Encycl. v. Ersch. s. 388, ff.

510

2 Kings xxiii. 7. Ezek. xxiii. 40, ff.

511

Movers, "Phœniz." 1, 197, 579; Munter, "Tempel der Göttin von Paphos," and the Syrian coins in De Luynes, "Numismatique," pl. 1. Lucian, "De Dea Syr." 13, 28. On the pillars of Marathus and Paphos, Gerhard, "Kunst der Phœniker," s. 23.

512

Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 4; Diod. 2, 4; Lucian, loc. cit. 14.

513

Lucian, loc. cit. 33, 39.

514

Stark, "Forschungen," s. 248, ff.

515

Avien. "Ora maritima," v. 305.

516

De Bell. Parth. 28.

517

Judges xiv. 23; 1 Samuel, v. ff.

518

Gesenius, "Monum. Tab." 25. Silius Ital. Pun. 3, 104.

519

Osborne, "Egypt," p. 144.

520

Baudissin ("Jahve et Moloch," p. 47) regards the amalgamation of Moloch and Adar as of later origin; to me the connection between Saturn and the sun (Diod. 2, 30) appears of later origin.

521

e. g. Diod. 20, 65.

522

Justin. 18, 6. 19, 1; Plin. "H. N." 36, 4.

523

Curtius, 4, 15, ed. Mützell; "Porphyr. de Abstinentiâ," 2, 56.

524

Euseb. "Præcept. Evang." 4, 26.

525

2 Kings iii. 27; see below.

526

Diod. 13, 86.

527

Diod. 20, 14.

528

Plut. "De Superstitione," p. 171; Sil. Ital. 4, 767.

529

Numen virginale; virgo cælestis.

530

De Luynes, "Numism." pl. v.; Hockh. "Kreta," 1, 98.

531

Lucian, "De Dea Syria," 4, 32; Augustin, "De Civitate Dei," 2, 26.

532

Movers, "Religion der Phœn." s. 605, 611, 621 ff.

533

Procop. "De bello Persico," 2, 28.

534

Lucian, "De Dea Syr." 15, 27, 43, 50, 51.

535

Movers, "Religion der Phœn.," s. 681.

536

"Our Lord Melkarth, Baal of Tyre," as he is called in an inscription found at Malta.

537

Herod. 2, 44; Plin. H. N. 37, 75; Theophr. "De Lap." 25.

538

Thus Virgil says of the minstrel of Dido: "Canit errantem lunam, solisque labores," Æn. 1, 742.

539

Joseph. Ant. 8, 53; Movers, "Religion der Phœnizier," s. 150.

540

Athen. p. 392; Movers, loc. cit. s. 536.

541

1 Kings xviii. 28.

542

Plaut. "Merc." 4, 6.

543

Cic. "De Nat. Deorum," 3, 23; 1 Macc. v. 43; 2, xii. 26.

544

Pausan. 3, 23, 1.

545

Movers, "Phœniz." 2, 230.

546

Sil. Ital. 4, 81, 819; Justin. 18, 6.

547

Virg. "Æn." 1, 742.

548

Hesychius: "Εὐρωπὸν σκοτεινόν, πλατύ. Εὐρώπη ἡ χώρα τῆς δύσεως ἤ σκοτεινή." That Europe is Astarte follows from Hesychius: "Ἑλλωπία, ἑορτὴ Εὐρώπης ἐν Κρήτῃ." The "Etymolog. Mag." pp. 232, 333, says: "Europa was anciently called Hellotia, 'ὅτι οἱ φοίνικες τὴν παρθένον Ἑλλωτίαν καλοῦσιν.'" Eloth signifies "goddess."

549

Jeremiah vii. 18; xliv. 17-23.

550

Pindar, "Pyth." 3, 90; Cic. "De Nat. Deor." 3, 23.

551

Appian, "De Reb. Hisp." c. 2; Movers, "Kolonieen der Phœnizier," s. 63 ff. We shall see below what a conglomeration of fables the Greeks have gathered round the wandering Astarte, who rides on a bull and is represented with the crescent of the moon, and a cow's horns. With them she is not only Europe whom the Bull-Zeus carries from Phœnicia, who is sought by Cadmus the son of Phœnix. In her crescent and cow's horns they also recognise their Argive Moon-goddess, Io, and represent her as wandering to Phœnicia and Egypt, where Isis, who here again wears the cow's horns or head, or is entirely represented as a cow, becomes their Io. The wanderings of Dido-Astarte then became confused with the stories of Helena, with the wanderings and fortunes of the foundress of Carthage, and the travels of Æneas, the favourite of Aphrodite, were directed to the most famous seats of the worship of Ashera.

552

Nöldeke, "Inschrift des Mesa."

553

Serv. ad Æn. 2, 632; Gerhard, "Kunst der Phœniker," s. 36, 38.

554

According to Lenormant, um-pali, "mother of the sword."

555

Joh. Lyd. "De Mensibus," 4, 46.

556

Lev. xix, 27-29; Deut. xiv. 1; xxii. 5; xvi. 21; xxiii. 1.

557

Ezek. viii. 14.

558

Lucian, "De Dea Syria," c. 8; Strabo, p. 755.

559

"De Laudib. Constant." c. 13.

560

Bunsen, "Ægypten," 5, 1, 379.

561

Herod. 3, 37; Gerhard, "Kunst der Phœnicker Taf." 4, 5; Movers, "Phœnizier," 2, 87-99; "Phœniz." in Ersch. s. 391 ff.

562

Jerem. x. 5; Baruch, vi. 3, xxv. 26; Diod. 20, 65.

563

Lucian, "De Dea Syria," c. 49.

564

Polyb. 31, 20; Diod. 20, 14; Just. 18, 7; Curt, 4, 13.

565

1 Kings xviii. 17-24.

566

Movers, "Phœniz." in Ersch. s. 419.

567

Movers, "Opferwesen der Karthager," s. 8; Blau, "Opfertarif von Karthago;" Zeitschrift d. d. M. G. 16, 438.

568

Numbers xxi. 27; Joshua x. 14; Genesis xlviii. 20, 22. In proof that Genesis xlix. belongs to the time of the judges, cf. Ewald, "Gesch. Israel's," 1, 91.

569

Gen. xxxvi. 1; xlvi. 8 ff.; Exod. vi. 14 ff.; Numb. iii. 17-21; xxvii. 33.

570

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 64.

571

Numb. xxi. 14.

572

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 273.

573

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 316, 317.

574

Dillmann-Knobel, "Genesis," s. 11.

575

Gen. x. 14; Exod. xv. 1-11; Numb. xxi. 14-18; cf. De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 319.

576

De Wette-Schrader, loc. cit. s. 318.

577

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," 320, 321.

578

Chap. iv., 44 – c. xxviii, 69.

579

De Wette-Schrader, loc. cit. s. 303 ff.

580

Gen. xi. 1-9.

581

Gen. xi. 10-32.

582

Ezek. xxiii. 15; Deut. xxvi. 25; Joshua xxiv. 2.

583

These are the numbers in the Hebrew text; in the Samaritan and Septuagint they are altered. – Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 112. To the first text, chap, ii., 4-24 and iii., were added by the reviser; he inserted another genealogical table below the series of patriarchs in the original text from Adam to Noah (iv. 17 ff), and this table does not run like the first: Adam, Seth, Enos, Kenan, Mahalaleel, Jared, Enoch, Methusalah, Lamech, Noah, but gives the following order: (Enos) Adam, Cain, Enoch, Irad, Mahajael, Methusael, Lamech. To Lamech this narrator attached the origin of the shepherds, players on instruments, and workers in brass. Bunsen ("Ægypten," 5, 2, 62 ff), has drawn from this the conclusion that the Hebrews had really only seven patriarchs before the flood.

584

Ptolemy. 6, 1.

585

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der Berl. Akademie," 1859, s. 200.

586

Stephan. Byz. s. v. from Arrian; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 16.

587

Buttmann, "Mythol." 1, 235; Procop. "De Bell. P." 1, 17; Ewald, "Gesch. der V. Israel," 1, 358, 380; Bunsen, "Ægypten," 4, 450.

588

The narrative of Hagar (Gen. xvi.) belongs to the first text; the additions to the revision; the account of the expulsion of Ishmael (Gen. xxi.) is from the Ephraimitic text.

589

Gen. xiii. 5, 11, 12; xix. 29.

590

Gen. xvii.

591

Gen. xiv. De Wette-Schrader thinks the derivation from a written source probable ("Einleitung," s. 319).

592

Gen. ix. 20-27; Schrader, "Studien und Kritiken," s. 166 ff.

593

Gen. xxv. 19.

594

Dillmann-Knobel, "Genesis," p. 313.

595

Gen. xxxv. 9-15.

596

Gen. xxviii. 11, 12, 17-22.

597

Gen. xxviii. 13-16.

598

Exod. xxiv. 17, "And the sight of the glory of the Lord was like devouring fire." Exod. xix. 16, 18, "There were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that was in the camp trembled. And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the Lord descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly." Exod. xl. 38, "For the cloud of the Lord was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night;" cf. Numbers ix. 15, 16. Deut. iv. 15, "On the day that the Lord spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire." Job i. 16, "The fire of God is fallen from heaven and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them." Numb. xvi. 35, "And there came out a fire from the Lord and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered incense." Lev. x. 2, "And there went out a fire from the Lord and devoured them, and they died before the Lord." Exod. xxxiii. 3, "I will not go up in the midst of thee lest I consume thee in the way." Exod. xxxiii. 20, "Thou canst not see my face; for there shall no man see me and live." Deut. v. 26, "Who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived." Lev. xvi. 2, "Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place … that he die not." Exod. xix. 21, "Charge the people, lest they break through unto the Lord to gaze, and many of them perish." Exod. xx. 19, "Let not God speak with us, lest we die." Judges xiii. 22, "We shall surely die, because we have seen God." 1 Sam. vi. 19, "And he smote the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the Lord."

599

Gen. xxxii. 24-32.

600

Exod. iv. 24; xii. 1-18; xiii. 2, 12-14; xxxiv. 19; xxx. 11-16. From the sacrifice of Isaac, the redemption of the firstborn and the Paschal offering, the conclusion may be drawn that in the oldest times human sacrifices were not unknown to the Hebrews. If such took place they were not offered in the same manner as the Moloch-offerings of the Canaanites. If Jehovah appears in fire, the fire is not, to the Hebrews, his essence, but only a form or mode of appearance. Sacrifices like those offered to Moloch were forbidden by the earliest text (Levit. xviii. 22; xx. 2) under pain of death. The narrative of Jephthah's daughter lays especial stress on the sanctity of the vow. Of the other passages which come into consideration only one or two deal with sacrifices; the remainder have reference to executions. In Numbers xxv. 4, we find, "Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the Lord against the sun, that the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel." Jephthah vowed his daughter and sacrificed her, Judges xi. 30, 34. "And Samuel hewed Agag in pieces before the Lord in Gilgal," 1 Samuel xv. 33. In 2 Samuel xxi. 6-9, the Gibeonites say, "Give us seven men of his sons that we may hang them before the Lord in Gibeah. And they hanged them up on the mountain before Jehovah."

601

Gen. xiv. 6; Deut. ii. 12, 22.

602

Gen. xxviii. 1-9; Gen. xxxvi. 3, 10, calls the daughter of Ishmael, Basmath; cf. supra, pp. 317, 406.

603

Gen. xlviii. 1. On the places of worship at Beersheba and the "heights of Isaac" in Amos, cf. A. Bernstein, "Ursprung der Sagen," s. 14, 15.

604

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 32.

605

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 273 ff.

606

Ebers, "Durch Gosen," s. 430; "Ægypt. und die Bücher Moses," s. 330, 323 ff.

607

Ebers, "Ægypt. und die Bücher Moses," s. 321, 322.

608

Above p. 196; Ebers, loc. cit. s. 347.

609

Lepsius, "Chronol." s. 382; Ebers, "Ægypten und die Bücher Moses," s. 296; Lauth, "Moses," s. 77.

610

Exod. xii. 40.

611

Ebers, "Durch Gosen," s. 505 ff.

612

Generally only two or three. The longest genealogy is that of Joshua: Ephraim, Beriah, Rephah, Telah, Tahan, Laadan, Ammihud, Elishama, Nun (1 Chron. vii. 20 ff; cf. Numb. xxvi. 35; vii. 48; x. 22), from which, if it were to be regarded as certain (Ewald, "Gesch. Israel's," 1, 490, thinks that it is certain), it would follow that the Hebrews were over 200 years in Egypt, assuming 25 years as the length of a generation.

613

1 Kings vi. 1.

614

Lepsius, "Chronolog." s. 365. On the possible twelve representatives of those twelve generations, Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 190.

615

Exod. i. 11; Gen. xlvii. 11.

616

Exod. v. 6-11.

617

Exod. i. 7, 13, 14.

618

Chabas, "Mélang. égypt." pp. 2, 42 ff. That lutu means "Egyptians," as Ebers ("Ægypt." s. 96) thinks, is by no means certain.

619

Ebers, "Durch Gosen." p. 494.

620

Lauth, "Moses," s. 1.

621

Exod. i. 10.

622

Exod. xii. 37. Numb. i. 46.

623

"With 600,000 men, besides the children," Exod. xii. 37, 38. Numbers i. 22-46, enumerates 603,550 fighting men, who could take the field, in the total sum, and in the totals for the several tribes, to which must be added 22,000 male Levites, men and boys, Numb. iii. 39. The question seems to me to be settled by Nöldeke ("Untersuchungen," s. 117).

624

1 Chron. vi. 18.

625

Above, p. 409; Gen. xxxv. 22.

626

Gen. xxxiv. 13, 25-30, xxxviii.

627

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 280, n. 54.

628

Gen. xlviii, 20.

629

Gen. xlviii. 5; above, p. 425.

630

Exod. xv. 1-11; cf. Joshua xxiv. 7.

631

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 40.

632

Exod. i. 1-7, 13, 14; ii. 23, 24; vi. 2-7, 9-27; vii. 8-13, 19-22; viii. 1-4, 12-15; ix. 8-11; xii. 1-23, 37, 40-51; xiii. 20; xiv. 8, 9, 15-17, 21-23, 29.

633

Exod. xiii. 2; xxii. 29, 30; xxxiv. 19, 20. "The firstborn of thy sons thou shalt give to me. Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and thy sheep. All that openeth the matrix is mine, all thy cattle that is male. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem." Cf. Exod. xxx. 11-16.

634

Ewald, "Alterthümer des Volkes Israel," s. 358 ff.

635

De Wette-Schrader. "Einleitung," s. 282, 284, 290.

636

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 46, 47.

637

Ebers. "Durch Gosen." s. 101 ff.

638

Nöldeke. "Untersuchungen," s. 47. According to De Wette-Schrader, from the second text ("Einleitung," 283), verses 11-17 may be an addition; verses 19-21 obviously come from the revision.

639

Exod. ii. 19.

640

Büdinger ("Akad. d. Wissenschaft zu Wien," Sitzung vom, 15 October, 1873) regards Moses and Aaron as of Egyptian origin, as Egyptian priests, and finds the tribe of Levi in the leprous Egyptians who went out with the Hebrews. Lauth ("Moses der Hebraeer," and "Zeitsch. d. d. M. G." 1871, s. 135 ff) inclines to recognise Moses in the mohar, sotem (scribe) and messu of the papyrus Anastasi I., who would thus have been one of the Egyptian scholars, and employed by Ramses II. in matters of state and war. This view is opposed by Pleyte ("Zeitschr. f. aeg. Sprache," 1869, s. 30, 100 ff.); he reads the name Ptah-messu. Lauth, at the same time, refuses to derive the name Osarsiph from Osiris; he considers it to be Semitic, and explains it as a-sar-suph, i. e. "rush-basket."